ASTM D445-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
Note 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D 2170 and D 2171.
Note 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D 445.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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British Standard 2000: Part 71:1990
Designation: D445 – 09
Designation: 71/1/97
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-
nation of the kinematic viscosity, n, of liquid petroleum
2. Referenced Documents
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
calibratedglasscapillaryviscometer.Thedynamicviscosity, h,
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, n,by
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
the density, r, of the liquid.
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445.
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
eter
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the
Pycnometer
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
D2162 PracticeforBasicCalibrationofMasterViscometers
results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary
and Viscosity Oil Standards
diameters.The procedure and precision values for residual fuel
D2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian
(Bitumens)
behavior, have been included.
D2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test
Capillary Viscometer
2
method is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1)atall
D6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been
Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectros-
determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and
copy
temperaturesasshowninthefootnotestotheprecisionsection.
D6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Base Oils
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using Single
standard.
Test Result from Standard Material
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mometers
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D02.07 on Flow Properties. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D445–06. the ASTM website.
3
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Committee. DOI: 10.1520/D0445-09. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D445 – 09
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque 4. Summary of Test Method
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to
culation of Dynami
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
British Standard 2000: Part 71:1990
Designation:D445–06 Designation: D 445 – 09
Designation: 71/1/97
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, n, of liquid petroleum products, both
transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary
viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, h, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, n, by the density, r, of the liquid.
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D 2170 and D 2171.
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D 445.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to
liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity
varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The
procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been
included.
2
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1) at all
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and
temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D 1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer
D 1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
Pycnometer
D 2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)
D 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
D 6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on
Flow Properties.
´2
Current edition approved May 15, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D445–04 .
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 445–06.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D445–09
D 6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lu
...
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