ASTM D1140-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.
1.3.2 Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standa...
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Designation: D1140 − 14
Standard Test Methods for
Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-µm (No.
200) Sieve in Soils by Washing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
amount of material finer than a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve by
1.5.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
washingofmaterialwithamaximumparticlesizeof75mm(3
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
in.).
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
than a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
substances. It is recommended that materials containing sig- of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
nificant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other analysis methods for engineering design.
methods of separation.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
finerthanthe75-µm(No.200)sieveareprovided.Themethod
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
method is specified, the choice should be based upon the
guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
water prior to wash sieving.
C702PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting
1.3.2 Method B—Testspecimenisdispersedbysoakingina
Size
dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.
D75Practice for Sampling Aggregates
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
D422Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically iden-
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
tified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Speci-
Fluids
fication E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the
D1586Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
“standard” of 75-mm and 75-µm, respectively. Reporting of
Barrel Sampling of Soils
test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as
D1587Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or
Geotechnical Purposes
scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
nonconformance with this standard.
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2487Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,
Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1140–00 (2006). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D1140-14. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1140 − 14
D2488Practice for Description and Identification of Soils 5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils con-
(Visual-Manual Procedure) tainingfinematerialwithlittleornoplasticity.Thespecimenis
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-µm (No. 200)
Used in Engineering Design and Construction sieve.
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
soils,wherethefinematerialdemonstratesplasticbehaviorand
Construction Materials Testing
tendstoadheretothelargerparticles.Toprovideadequatefine
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a
Data
dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-µm (No.
D6913Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
200) sieve.
tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize,
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic
Sieves
characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Ventilation Ovens
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
ASTM Test Methods
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure
reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740
3. Terminology
provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
NOTE 2—As outlined in 5.1, if the sample is dry sieved after washing,
3.1 Definitions:
such as for Test Methods D422 or D6913, some material may pass the
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this
75-µm (No. 200) sieve that did not pass during washing operations. The
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may be a significant amount
for samples with a high percentage of silt or clay.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 guard sieve—a sieve or sieves that are placed over the
6. Apparatus
actual wash sieve and are constructed of wire mesh instead of
6.1 Balance—Abalance or scale conforming to the require-
wire cloth.
ments of Specification D4753, having a readability with no
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The guard sieve(s) acts to prevent
estimation to four significant digits. The mass of the specimen
coarse particles from contacting the wire cloth of the wash
may be determined in parts if necessary.
sieveresultinginpunctures,tears,anddamagethatmayrequire
6.2 Wash Sieve—A 75-µm (No. 200) sieve with a diameter
the sieve to be replaced.
sufficient to handle the required size of specimen in 9.4.
Usually 203-mm (8-in.) diameter sieves are adequate for the
4. Summary of Test Method
washing process. The 75-µm (No. 200) sieve shall have a
4.1 A soil specimen is washed over a 75-µm (No. 200)
minimum height above the screen of 50 mm (2 in.) to prevent
sieve. Clay, silt, and other particles that are dispersed by the
loss of retained material while washing. The sieve may be
wash water, as well as water-soluble materials, are removed
reinforced with a larger mesh supporting the 75-µm (No. 200)
from the soil during the test. The loss in mass resulting from
mesh cloth. The reinforcing mesh shall be bonded to the sieve
thewashtreatmentiscalculatedasmasspercentoftheoriginal
frame below the point where the 75-µm (No. 200) cloth is
sample specimen and is reported as the percentage of material
attached. It is recommended that the sieve cloth be stainless
finer than a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve by washing.
steel to offer more resistance to wear and damage. The sieve
shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11 for
5. Significance and Use
compliance sieves.
5.1 Material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve can be
6.3 Guard Sieves (optional)—A sieve or multiple sieves
separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be
having a sieve opening of 425-µm (No. 40) or larger. The
broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet
diameter of the guard sieve(s) frame shall be equal to or less
sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate deter-
than the 75-µm (No. 200) wash sieve when stacked. Guard
minations of material finer than a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve are
sieves do not need to conform to the requirements of Specifi-
desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior
cation E11.
to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material
6.4 Drying Oven—An oven of sufficient size, thermostati-
that is finer than a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the
callycontrolledandcapableofmaintainingauniformtempera-
additional amount of material finer than a 75-µm (No. 200)
tureof110 65°C(230 69°F).Theovenshallmeetthecriteria
sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If
of Specification E145 and preferably be a forced draft oven.
it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be
checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil 6.5 Specimen Containers—The specimen containers shall
(see Note 2). be made of smooth walled, corrosion resistant material and of
D1140 − 14
sufficient size to accommodate the test specimen. The contain- dard methods of sample collection, providing that the collec-
ersshallbewithouttightcornersthatmayallowformaterialto tion process obtains a representative sampling of the soil (see
lodge or become trapped. Note 3).
9.1.1 The specimens may be obtained from bulk samples
6.6 Washing Sink with Water Delivery System—A sink
(bag or bucket samples), jar samples, tube (intact) samples or
havingamechanismtodeliverastreamofwaterdirectlytothe
from samples or specimens that have been tested for other
wash sieve.The delivery system may be a rigid or flexible line
properties, such as consolidation, compressive strength or
to facilitate the washing and transfer processes. The system
hydraulic conductivity.
preferably will include a spray nozzle capable of easily
adjusting the flow of water used in the washing process. The 9.2 Thoroughly mix the soil sample and reduce the quantity
water delivery system must have the ability to regulate the fortestingtoamassmeetingtherequirementslistedin9.4.The
temperature of the water. test specimen shall be the end result of the reduction.
6.6.1 Water used for the washing process shall be main-
9.3 The sample may be reduced to an acceptable size by
tained close to room temperature to avoid expansion or
using one of several methods.
contraction of the sieve mesh cloth.
9.3.1 For non-cohesive soils the sample can be placed on a
6.7 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional)—A device to obtain a solid surface, thoroughly mixed and quartered until the correct
representativesmallerportion(specimen)fromalargerportion
specimen size is obtained.
(sample). This device has an even number of equal width
9.3.2 Theuseofarifflesplittermayalsobeusedtoseparate
chutes but not less than eight, which discharge alternately to
non-cohesive soils, as described in Practice C702.Ifariffle
each side of the splitter. For dry material having particles
splitterisused,itmustbelimitedtoonlytwopassespersample
coarser than the 9.5 mm ( ⁄8 in.), the minimum width of the
and only on soils that have little or no fines. If during the
chutes shall be approximately 1- ⁄2 times the largest particle in
splittingprocessdustiscreated,indicatingthelossoffines,the
the material being split, but not less than 12.5 mm ( ⁄2 in.).
spitting process should be stopped and the quartering method
of sample reduction should be used to complete the process.
6.8 Quartering Accessories—A hard, clean, level surface
9.3.3 For jar samples it may be necessary to use the entire
andadurablenonporousfabricorplasticsheethavingapproxi-
sample for the test.
matedimensionsof2to2.5m(6to8ft):astraightedgescoop,
9.3.4 Intact samples may be non-cohesive soils but will
shovel or trowel; a broom or brush.
normally demonstrate cohesive properties. A representative
6.9 Dispersion Shaker (optional)—A device to hold and
section of the sample should be selected. If additional sample
vibratethewashingsievenestwhilethewatersprayisdirected
reduction is necessary, the sample may be cut lengthwise into
onto the specimen contained in the sieve nest.
quarters.
6.10 Wash Bottle—Used for transferring washed material
9.4 Reduction to an exact predetermined mass is not per-
from the wash sieve into a drying container.
mitted.Thedrymassofthetestspecimen,shallconformtothe
following except as noted in 9.4.1:
7. Reagents
Maximum Particle Standard Minimum Dry Mass of
7.1 Dispersant—Sodium hexametaphosphate (may be re-
Size (100 % Passing) Sieve Size Test Specimens
ferred to as sodium metaphosphate) used in Method B to
mm
0.425 No. 40 75 g
facilitate separation of fine grained particles in soils during the
2.00 No. 10 100 g
soaking period.
4.75 No. 4 200 g
7.1.1 Sodiumhexametaphosphateshallbemixedwithwater 3
9.5 ⁄8 in. 165 g
19.0 ⁄4 in. 1.3 kg
at a concentration sufficient to disperse fine grained soil
25.4 1 in. 3 kg
particles. Dispersant that has not fully dissolved shall not be
38.1 1 ⁄2 in. 10 kg
washed through the wash sieve with the specimen.
50.8 2 in. 25 kg
76.2 3 in. 70 kg
8. Sieve Verification
9.4.1 When sufficient material is not available to meet the
8.1 Priortoinitialuse,the75-µm(No.200)washs
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1140 − 00 (Reapproved 2006) D1140 − 14
Standard Test Methods for
Determining the Amount of Material in Soils Finer than No.
200 (75-μm) Sieve75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by
Washing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by
washing.washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a
75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is
not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is
recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the No. 200 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method
to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based onupon the guidance
given in 5.2, 4.25.3, and 7.35.4.
1.3.1 Method A—Method A—Test specimen is not dispersed dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.
1.3.2 Method B—Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water containing a deflocculating agenta dispersing
solution prior to wash sieving.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified
using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of
75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this
test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this
standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006Nov. 1, 2014. Published January 2007November 2014. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20002006
as D1140 – 00.D1140 – 00 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D1140-00R06.10.1520/D1140-14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1140 − 14
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 guard sieve—a sieve or sieves that are placed over the actual wash sieve and are constructed of wire mesh instead of wire
cloth.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The guard sieve(s) acts to prevent coarse particles from contacting the wire cloth of the wash sieve resulting in punctures, tears,
and damage that may require the sieve to be replaced.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A specimen of the soil soil specimen is washed over a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Clay Clay, silt, and other particles that are
dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble materials, are removed from the soil during the test. The loss in mass
resulting from the wash treatment is calculated as mass percent of the original sample specimen and is reported as the percentage
of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down
much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material
finer than 75-μm sieve in soila 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, thisthese test method ismethods are used on the test specimen
prior to dry sieving. sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually
the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it
is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil.soil (see
Note 2).
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked
in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.
5.3 With some Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, in order to keep the finer material from adhering
to the larger particles, it will be where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles.
To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the soil specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing it
through the sieve. A deflocculating agent (dispersing agent) should be added to the soil when it is soaked.through the 75-μm (No.
200) sieve.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the
equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable
results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
D1140 − 14
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic
characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the
equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results.
Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
NOTE 2—As outlined in 5.1, if the sample is dry sieved after washing, such as for Test Methods D422 or D6913, some material may pass the 75-μm
(No. 200) sieve that did not pass during washing operations. The material passing the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve may be a significant amount for samples
with a high percentage of silt or clay.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Balance—A balance or scale conforming to the requirements of Specification D4753, readable (with no estimation) to 0.1 %
of the test mass, or better. To determine the balance needed, multiply your test mass by 0.001 and check Table 1 of Specification
having a readability with no estimation to four significant digits. The mass of the specimen may be determined in parts if
necessary.D4753 for the class of balance readable to the number observed.
6.2 Sieves—Wash Sieve—A minimum nest of two sieves is recommended, the lower must be a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve and the
upper may be a 425-μm (No. 40) or larger sieve. Chose a sieve with a diameter sufficient to handle the required size of specimen
required by in 6.29.4. The 75-μm sieve should have a backing to prevent damage. The sievesUsually 203-mm (8-in.) diameter
sieves are adequate for the washing process. The 75-μm (No. 200) sieve shall have a minimum height above the screen of 50 mm
(2 in.) to prevent loss of retained material while washing. The sieve may be reinforced with a larger mesh supporting the 75-μm
(No. 200) mesh cloth. The reinforcing mesh shall be bonded to the sieve frame below the point where the 75-μm (No. 200) cloth
is attached. It is recommended that the sieve cloth be stainless steel to offer more resistance to wear and damage. The sieve shall
conform to the requirements of Specification E11. Stainless sieve mesh is preferred, as it is less prone to damage or wear. for
compliance sieves.
6.3 Guard Sieves (optional)—A sieve or multiple sieves having a sieve opening of 425-μm (No. 40) or larger. The diameter of
the guard sieve(s) frame shall be equal to or less than the 75-μm (No. 200) wash sieve when stacked. Guard sieves do not need
to conform to the requirements of Specification E11.
6.4 Drying Oven—An oven of sufficient size, thermostatically controlled and capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of
100110 6 5°C (230 6 9°F) and which meets 9°F). The oven shall meet the criteria of Specification E145. and preferably be a
forced draft oven.
6.5 Specimen Containers—The specimen containers shall be made of smooth walled, corrosion resistant material and of
sufficient size to accommodate the test specimen. The containers shall be without tight corners that may allow for material to lodge
or become trapped.
6.6 Deflocculating Agent—Washing Sink with Water Delivery System—A solution of Sodium Hexametaphosphate of any
concentration sufficient to cause particle separation can be used. A common amount is 40 g per 1000 mL of sink having a
mechanism to deliver a stream of water directly to the wash sieve. The delivery system may be a rigid or flexible line to facilitate
the washing and transfer processes. The system preferably will include a spray nozzle capable of easily adjusting the flow of water
used in the washing process. The water delivery system must have the ability to regulate the temperature of the water.
6.6.1 Water used for the washing process shall be maintained close to room temperature to avoid expansion or contraction of
the sieve mesh cloth.
6.7 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional)—A device to obtain a representative smaller portion (specimen) from a larger portion
(sample). This device has an even number of equal width chutes but not less than eight, which discharge alternately to each side
of the splitter. For dry material having particles coarser than the 9.5 mm ( ⁄8 in.), the minimum width of the chutes shall be
1 1
approximately 1- ⁄2 times the largest particle in the material being split, but not less than 12.5 mm ( ⁄2 in.).
6.8 Quartering Accessories—A hard, clean, level surface and a durable nonporous fabric or plastic sheet having approximate
dimensions of 2 to 2.5 m (6 to 8 ft): a straight edge scoop, shovel or trowel; a broom or brush.
6.9 Dispersion Shaker (optional)—A device to hold and vibrate the washing sieve nest while the water spray is directed onto
the specimen contained in the sieve nest.
6.10 Wash Bottle—Used for transferring washed material from the wash sieve into a drying container.
7. Reagents
7.1 Dispersant—Sodium hexametaphosphate (may be referred to as sodium metaphosphate) used in Method B to facilitate
separation of fine grained particles in soils during the soaking period.
7.1.1 Sodium hexametaphosphate shall be mixed with water
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