ASTM E939-94(2012)

Standard Test Method of Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods (Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites):I Mosquitoes (Withdrawn 2017)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is an important part of the final phase of study in the development of mosquito repellents for personal use.  
This test method is primarily designed to simulate a situation in which a person treated with a repellent is exposed to natural populations of attacking mosquitoes.
The simplicity of the test offers flexibility under a relatively wide range of circumstances and geographical locations. By following this test method, international testing with a variety of vector mosquito populations is no more difficult to accomplish than tests with various domestic species.
A number of people test topical applications of a repellent for the following reasons:
To determine how long the repellent is effective;
To establish the effective dosage range;
To establish the range of effectiveness on several mosquito genera and species in a number of geographical areas; and
To identify the material in terms of odor, staining capability, plasticizing effect, and oiliness or greasiness.
No repellent should be tested on humans without the written consent of the test volunteers (hereafter referred to as test subjects) and prior approval of competent authority, as designated in applicable laws and regulations governing experimentation on humans.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the repellency of promising compounds that have undergone primary laboratory studies and have been approved for skin application for secondary testing.
1.2 This test method is designed for the study of mosquito repellents, but with some modifications this test method can be used to determine the repellency of candidate compounds for other flying insects that attack humans.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method is used to evaluate the repellency of promising compounds that have undergone primary laboratory studies and have been approved for skin application for secondary testing.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E35 on Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents, this test method was withdrawn in November 2017. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2012
• Withdrawal Date: 14-Nov-2017
• ICS: 71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
• Technical Committee: E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E939 − 94 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method of
Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as
Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods
1
(Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites):I Mosquitoes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the repellency of
4.1 This test method is an important part of the final phase
promising compounds that have undergone primary laboratory
ofstudyinthedevelopmentofmosquitorepellentsforpersonal
studies and have been approved for skin application for
use.
secondary testing.
4.2 This test method is primarily designed to simulate a
1.2 This test method is designed for the study of mosquito
situation in which a person treated with a repellent is exposed
repellents, but with some modifications this test method can be
to natural populations of attacking mosquitoes.
used to determine the repellency of candidate compounds for
4.3 The simplicity of the test offers flexibility under a
other flying insects that attack humans.
relatively wide range of circumstances and geographical loca-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
tions. By following this test method, international testing with
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
a variety of vector mosquito populations is no more difficult to
standard.
accomplish than tests with various domestic species.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.4 A number of people test topical applications of a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
repellent for the following reasons:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.4.1 To determine how long the repellent is effective;
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.4.2 To establish the effective dosage range;
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.4.3 To establish the range of effectiveness on several
mosquito genera and species in a number of geographical
2. Terminology
areas; and
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4.4.4 To identify the material in terms of odor, staining
2.1.1 complete protection time (CPT)—the time from appli-
capability, plasticizing effect, and oiliness or greasiness.
cation of the repellent to the time of the first confirmed bite (a
secondbitebythesamespecieswithin30minofthefirst).This
4.5 No repellent should be tested on humans without the
permits any number of unconfirmed bites during the CPT.
written consent of the test volunteers (hereafter referred to as
test subjects) and prior approval of competent authority, as
3. Summary of Test Method
designated in applicable laws and regulations governing ex-
perimentation on humans.
3.1 Ameasured amount of the candidate material is applied
totheforearmorsometimesthelowerleg.Theseareasarethen
5. Apparatus
protected from rubbing and are continuously exposed to
mosquitoes in the field to determine the length of time the
5.1 Insect collection vials.
treatment provides either complete protection or a high level of
5.2 Aspirator.
protection.
5.3 Stereoscope (optional).
5.4 Standard References for Mosquito Identification, for
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
determining species present in the field (optional).
Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee E35.12 on Insect Control Agents.
5.5 Temperature and Humidity Reading Equipment—
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originally
Ideally, a continuous recording device such as a hygrothermo-
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E939 – 94 (2006).
DOI: 10.1520/E0939-94R12. graph should be used to record conditions during tests. If such
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E939 − 94 (2012)
equipment is not available, readings should be made immedi- 8.2 For field tests, make the initial studies with a 25 %
ately before, midway during, and immediately after the tests ethanol solution of the candidate repellents (250 mgAI/mL).A
are made, using a sling psychrometer. compound or formulation may be retested at reduced or
increased concentrations, or at full strength, if warranted.
5.6 Air Speed Indicator and Light Meter, optional but
preferred if equipment is available.
NOTE 3—If the complete protection times
...