ASTM E837-08e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Summary:
Residual stresses are present in almost all materials. They may be created during the manufacture or during the life of the material. If not recognized and accounted for in the design process, residual stresses can be a major factor in the failure of a material, particularly one subjected to alternating service loads or corrosive environments. Residual stress may also be beneficial, for example, the compressive stresses produced by shot peening. The hole-drilling strain-gage technique is a practical method for determining residual stresses.
SCOPE
1.1 Residual Stress Determination:
1.1.1 This test method specifies a hole-drilling procedure for determining residual stress profiles near the surface of an isotropic linearly elastic material. The test method is applicable to residual stress profile determinations where in-plane stress gradients are small. The stresses may remain approximately constant with depth (“uniform” stresses) or they may vary significantly with depth (“non-uniform” stresses). The measured workpiece may be “thin” with thickness much less than the diameter of the drilled hole or “thick” with thickness much greater than the diameter of the drilled hole. Only uniform stress measurements are specified for thin workpieces, while both uniform and non-uniform stress measurements are specified for thick workpieces.
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
1.2.1 The hole-drilling method can identify in-plane residual stresses near the measured surface of the workpiece material. The method gives localized measurements that indicate the residual stresses within the boundaries of the drilled hole.
1.2.2 This test method applies in cases where material behavior is linear-elastic. In theory, it is possible for local yielding to occur due to the stress concentration around the drilled hole, for isotropic (equi-biaxial) residual stresses exceeding 50 % of the yield stress, or for shear stresses in any direction exceeding 25 % of the yield stress. However, in practice it is found that satisfactory results can be achieved providing the residual stresses do not exceed about 60 % of the material yield stress.
1.3 Workpiece Damage:
1.3.1 The hole-drilling method is often described as “semi-destructive” because the damage that it causes is localized and often does not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measuring residual stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should be applied only in those cases either where the workpiece is expendable, or where the introduction of a small shallow hole will not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E837 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-
1
Gage Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Equation 27 was editorially corrected in July 2009.
INTRODUCTION
The hole-drilling strain-gage method determines residual stresses near the surface of an isotropic
linear-elastic material. It involves attaching a strain rosette to the surface, drilling a hole at the
geometric center of the rosette, and measuring the resulting relieved strains. The residual stresses
withintheremovedmaterialarethendeterminedfromthemeasuredstrainsusingaseriesofequations.
1. Scope practice it is found that satisfactory results can be achieved
providingtheresidualstressesdonotexceedabout60%ofthe
1.1 Residual Stress Determination:
material yield stress.
1.1.1 This test method specifies a hole-drilling procedure
for determining residual stress profiles near the surface of an 1.3 Workpiece Damage:
isotropiclinearlyelasticmaterial.Thetestmethodisapplicable 1.3.1 The hole-drilling method is often described as “semi-
to residual stress profile determinations where in-plane stress destructive” because the damage that it causes is localized and
gradients are small. The stresses may remain approximately often does not significantly affect the usefulness of the work-
constant with depth (“uniform” stresses) or they may vary piece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measur-
significantly with depth (“non-uniform” stresses). The mea- ing residual stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since
sured workpiece may be “thin” with thickness much less than hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should
the diameter of the drilled hole or “thick” with thickness much be applied only in those cases either where the workpiece is
greater than the diameter of the drilled hole. Only uniform expendable, or where the introduction of a small shallow hole
stress measurements are specified for thin workpieces, while will not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece.
both uniform and non-uniform stress measurements are speci-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
fied for thick workpieces.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2.1 The hole-drilling method can identify in-plane re-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sidual stresses near the measured surface of the workpiece
material. The method gives localized measurements that indi-
2. Referenced Documents
cate the residual stresses within the boundaries of the drilled
2
hole. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
1.2.2 This test method applies in cases where material
behavior is linear-elastic. In theory, it is possible for local tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
yielding to occur due to the stress concentration around the
3. Terminology
drilled hole, for isotropic (equi-biaxial) residual stresses ex-
ceeding 50% of the yield stress, or for shear stresses in any
3.1 Symbols:
direction exceeding 25% of the yield stress. However, in
a¯ = calibration constant for isotropic stresses
¯
b = calibration constant for shear stresses
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on
2
Residual Stress Measurement. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 23, 2009. Published April 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E837–01 . DOI: Standards volumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageon
10.1520/E0837-08E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E837 − 08
a¯ = calibration matrix for isotropic stresses
jk
¯
b = calibration matrix for shear stresses
jk
D = diameter of the gage circle, see Table1.
D = diameter of the drilled hole
0
E = Young’s modulus
j = number of hole depth steps so far
k = sequence number for hole depth steps
P = uniform isotropic (equi-biaxial) stress
P = isotropic stress within hole depth step k
k
p = uniform isotropic (equi-biaxial) st
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E 837 – 08
Designation:E837–01
Standard Test Method for
Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-
1
Gage Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE— Equations 17 and 18, Sections 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 11.2.5 , 11.2.6 and Table 2 were editorially upated in January 2002.
—Equation 27 was editorially corrected in July 2009.
INTRODUCTION
The hole-drilling strain-gage method measures residual stresses near the surface of a material. The
method involves attaching strain gages to the surface, drilling a hole in the vicinity of the gages, and
measuring the relieved strains. The measured strains are then related to relieved principal stresses
through a series of equations.
The hole-drilling strain-gage method determines residual stresses near the surface of an isotropic
linear-elastic material. It involves attaching a strain rosette to the surface, drilling a hole at the
geometric center of the rosette, and measuring the resulting relieved strains. The residual stresses
withintheremovedmaterialarethendeterminedfromthemeasuredstrainsusingaseriesofequations.
1. Scope
1.1Thistestmethodcoverstheprocedurefordeterminingresidualstressesnearthesurfaceofisotropiclinearly-elasticmaterials.
Although the concept is quite general, the test method described here is applicable in those cases where the stresses do not vary
significantly with depth and do not exceed one half of the yield strength.The test method is often described as “semi-destructive”
because the damage that it causes is very localized and in many cases does not significantly affect the usefulness of the specimen.
Incontrast,mostothermechanicalmethodsformeasuringresidualstresssubstantiallydestroythespecimen.Sincethetestmethod
describedheredoescausesomedamage,itshouldbeappliedonlyinthosecaseseitherwherethespecimenisexpendableorwhere
the introduction of a small shallow hole will not significantly affect the usefulness of the specimen.
1.1 Residual Stress Determination :
1.1.1 Thistestmethodspecifiesahole-drillingprocedurefordeterminingresidualstressprofilesnearthesurfaceofanisotropic
linearly elastic material. The test method is applicable to residual stress profile determinations where in-plane stress gradients are
small. The stresses may remain approximately constant with depth (“uniform” stresses) or they may vary significantly with depth
(“non-uniform” stresses). The measured workpiece may be “thin” with thickness much less than the diameter of the drilled hole
or “thick” with thickness much greater than the diameter of the drilled hole. Only uniform stress measurements are specified for
thin workpieces, while both uniform and non-uniform stress measurements are specified for thick workpieces.
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
1.2.1 The hole-drilling method can identify in-plane residual stresses near the measured surface of the workpiece material.The
method gives localized measurements that indicate the residual stresses within the boundaries of the drilled hole.
1.2.2 This test method applies in cases where material behavior is linear-elastic. In theory, it is possible for local yielding to
occur due to the stress concentration around the drilled hole, for isotropic (equi-biaxial) residual stresses exceeding 50% of the
yield stress, or for shear stresses in any direction exceeding 25% of the yield stress. However, in practice it is found that
satisfactory results can be achieved providing the residual stresses do not exceed about 60% of the material yield stress.
1.3 Workpiece Damage:
1.3.1 Thehole-drillingmethodisoftendescribedas“semi-destructive”becausethedamagethatitcausesislocalizedandoften
does not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measuring residual
stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should be applied only
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on Residual Stress
Measurement.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published November 2001. Originally published as E837–81. Last previous edition E837–99.
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Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Publis
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