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ASTM E18-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.
Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.
Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing MachinesRockwell Hardness Standardizing MachinesStandardization of Rockwell IndentersStandardization of Rockwell Hardness Test BlocksGuidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test PieceHardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex Cylindrical Surfaces
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Rockwell hardness test. List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding to Tensile StrengthExamples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell Hardness Uncertainty
1.4 At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2007
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E18-05e1 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E18-08 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
15-Jan-2008
Referred By
ASTM B306-20 - Standard Specification for Copper Drainage Tube (DWV)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM B829-19a - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Nickel and Nickel Alloys Seamless Pipe and Tube
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1004-17 - Standard Test Method for Determining Electrical Conductivity Using the Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Method
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM B534-20 - Standard Specification for Copper-Cobalt-Beryllium Alloy and Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM F519-18 - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen Embrittlement Evaluation of Plating/Coating Processes and Service Environments
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2430-04(2018) - Standard Specification for Bearing, Roller, Needle: Assembly (Thick Outer Race)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM F256-05(2020) - Standard Specification for Chromium-Iron Sealing Alloys with 18 or 28 Percent Chromium (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM G81-97a(2018) - Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6079-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
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ASTM A623M-22 - Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements [Metric]
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: E 18 – 07
Standard Test Methods for
,
1 2
Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE18;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Rockwell superficial hardness tests.The significant differences
betweenthetwotestsarethatthetestforcesaresmallerforthe
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same
Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of
type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending
metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness prin-
on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this
ciple. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell
standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and
hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rock-
Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.
well hardness tests.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in an-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nexes:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters Annex A3
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A4
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Annex A5
2. Referenced Documents
Test Piece
3
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex Annex A6
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Cylindrical Surfaces
A370 TestMethodsandDefinitionsforMechanicalTesting
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in of Steel Products
appendixes which relates to the Rockwell hardness test.
A623 SpecificationforTinMillProducts,GeneralRequire-
ments
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corre- Appendix X1
sponding
A623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re-
to Tensile Strength
quirements [Metric]
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell Appendix X2
B19 Specification for Cartridge Brass Sheet, Strip, Plate,
Hardness Uncertainty
Bar, and Disks
1.4 At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed,
B36/B36M SpecificationforBrassPlate,Sheet,Strip,And
theforcelevelswerespecifiedinunitsofkilograms-force(kgf)
Rolled Bar
andtheindenterballdiameterswerespecifiedinunitsofinches
B96/B96M Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate,
(in.).Thisstandardspecifiestheunitsofforceandlengthinthe
Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes and
International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons
Pressure Vessels
(N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the
B103/B103M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate,
historicalprecedentandcontinuedcommonusage,forcevalues
Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for
B121/B121M Specification for Leaded Brass Plate, Sheet,
information and much of the discussion in this standard refers
Strip, and Rolled Bar
to these units.
B122/B122M Specification for Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloy,
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification
Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver), and Copper-
procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and
Nickel Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
B130 SpecificationforCommercialBronzeStripforBullet
1 Jackets
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on
Indentation Hardness Testing.
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
e1 3
approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E18–05 . For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
2
In this test method, the term Rockwell refers to an internationally recognized contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
type of indentation hardness test as defined in Section 3, and not to the hardness Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
testing equipment of a particular manufacturer. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E18–07
B134/B134M Specification for Brass Wire 3.1.5 Rockwellsuperficialhard
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation: E 18 – 07
Standard Test Methods for
,
1 2
Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE18;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic
materialsbytheRockwellindentationhardnessprinciple.ThisstandardprovidestherequirementsforRockwellhardnessmachines
and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters Annex A3
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A4
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Annex A5
Test Piece
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex Annex A6
Cylindrical Surfaces
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Rockwell hardness test.
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corre- Appendix X1
sponding
to Tensile Strength
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell Appendix X2
Hardness Uncertainty
1.4 At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and
the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the
InternationalSystemofUnits(SI);thatis,forceinNewtons(N)andlengthinmillimeters(mm).However,becauseofthehistorical
precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information
and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and
Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the
Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on
the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell
superficial unless stated otherwise.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements
A623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements [Metric]
B19 Specification for Cartridge Brass Sheet, Strip, Plate, Bar, and Disks
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on MechanicalTesting and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on Indentation
Hardness Testing.
e1
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E18–05 .
2
In this test method, the term Rockwell refers to an internationally recognized type of indentation hardness test as defined in Section 3, and not to the hardness testing
equipment of a particular manufacturer.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E18–07
B36/B36M Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, And Rolled Bar
B96/B96M Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes and Pressure
Vessels
B103/B103M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
B121/B121M Specification for Leaded Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
B122/B
...

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This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
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1.1 This test method defines the requirements for portable instruments that are intended to be used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by performing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field or outside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of the test piece prevents it from being tested on a standard E10 or E18 hardness tester.  
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Note 1: Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred to in this test method as the standard methods.  
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1.6 Annex A1 is included that defines the periodic indirect verification and daily verification requirements for these instruments.  
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1.2 After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularities. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or surface irregularities visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product specification. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound values given in parentheses were used in establishing test parameters and are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E18-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.  
4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:    
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece  
Annex A5  
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A6  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.  
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p...

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ASTM
ASTM E8/E8M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design under certain circumstances.  
4.2 The results of tension tests of specimens machined to standardized dimensions from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductility properties of the entire end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.  
4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. The test methods have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic materials in any form at room temperature, specifically, the methods of determination of yield strength, yield point elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area.  
1.2 The gauge lengths for most round specimens are required to be 4D for E8 and 5D for E8M. The gauge length is the most significant difference between E8 and E8M test specimens. Test specimens made from powder metallurgy (P/M) materials are exempt from this requirement by industry-wide agreement to keep the pressing of the material to a specific projected area and density.  
1.3 Exceptions to the provisions of these test methods may need to be made in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material. For examples, see Test Methods and Definitions A370 and Test Methods B557, and B557M.  
1.4 Room temperature shall be considered to be 10 °C to 38 °C [50 °F to 100°F] unless otherwise specified.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as separate from inch/pound units. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.  
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece  
Annex A2  
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines  
Appendix X3  
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.  
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.  
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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ASTM
ASTM E436-03(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine the appearance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe steels (yield strengths less than 825 MPa) over the temperature range where the fracture mode changes from brittle (cleavage or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).  
4.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:  
4.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the mode of fracture propagation.  
4.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).  
4.2.3 For information or specification purposes, to provide a manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations have been established with service behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 19.1 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E143-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shear modulus is a material property useful in calculating compliance of structural materials in torsion provided they follow Hooke's law, that is, the angle of twist is proportional to the applied torque. Examples of the use of shear modulus are in the design of rotating shafts and helical compression springs.  
5.2 The procedural steps and precision of the apparatus and the test specimens should be appropriate to the shape and the material type, since the method applies to a wide variety of materials and sizes.  
5.3 Precise determination of shear modulus depends on the numerous variables that may affect such determinations.  
5.3.1 These factors include characteristics of the specimen such as residual stress, concentricity, wall thickness in the case of tubes, deviation from nominal value, previous strain history, and specimen dimension.  
5.3.2 Testing conditions that influence the results include axial position of the specimen, temperature and temperature variations, and maintenance of the apparatus.  
5.3.3 Interpretation of data also influences results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to materials in which, and to stresses at which, creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading. Elastic properties such as shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio are not determined routinely and are generally not specified in materials specifications.  
1.2 For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior, the value of tangent or chord shear modulus is useful for estimating the change in torsional strain to corresponding stress for a specified stress or stress-range, respectively. Such determinations are, however, outside the scope of this standard. (See for example Ref (1).)2  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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