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ASTM D396-24

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2024
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0 - Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D396 − 24
Standard Specification for
Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and
in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil
industry.
intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades
problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-
are described as follows:
tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
low pour point fuel.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20
S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in
2. Referenced Documents
domestic and small industrial burners.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
range.
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are
Closed Cup Tester
residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
and proper atomization.
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method) (With-
NOTE 2—A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given
drawn 2023)
in X1.3.
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
ity)
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils
of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more
by the Extraction Method
restrictive.
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Petroleum Products
standard.
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2024. Published May 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D396 – 21. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D0396-24. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D396 − 24
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blendstock (B100)
by Potentiometric Titration for Middle Distillate Fuels
D6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
(Robotic Tilt Method)
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet
Method)
Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
ucts by Hydrometer Method
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-
Kinematic Viscosity)
tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
and Liquid Fuels
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
D7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
and Distillate Fuels
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method)
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil-
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
lation Method)
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D7346 Test Method for No Flow Point and Pour Point of
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
Cup Tester
D7371 Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
D7688 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
Petroleum Products
by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) by
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Visual Observation
Petroleum Products D7861 Test Method for Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Esters (FAME) in Diesel Fuel by Linear Variable Filter
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec- (LVF) Array Based Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
trometry D7945 Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity
and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
Pressure Viscometer
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid
Determine Conformance with Specifications
Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
2.2 Other Documents:
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
Concentration
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
EN 14078 Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
(FAME) Content in Middle Distillates — Infrared Spec-
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
trometry Method
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
EN 15751 Automotive Fuels—Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Volatility Measurement
(FAME) Fuel and Blends with Diesel Fuel—
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
Determination of Oxidation Stability by Accelerated Oxi-
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
dation Method
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
3. Terminology
D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
3.1 Definitions:
(Automatic Tilt Method)
3.1.1 additive, n—in fuel oils, a substance added to fuel oil
D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
at a blend level not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished
(Rotational Method)
fuel.
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
Systems
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
D6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products 5
Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website
(Automatic Air Pressure Method) (www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astm@nen.nl).
D396 − 24
-4
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Additives are generally included in fin- 3.1.6.2 Discussion—mg/kg is equivalent to μg/g, 1×10 %
ished fuel oil to enhance performance properties (for example, by mass, and mass fraction 0.000001.
stability, pour point, and so forth).
3.1.6.3 Discussion—Most, but not all, test methods to de-
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil termine sulfur content mentioned in this specification produce
blended with other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil results in units of mg/kg. Consult the test method in use to
portion for determination of the volume percent of the finished determine units for a particular result.
fuel.
4. General Requirements
3.1.1.3 Discussion—Triglycerides (for example, vegetable
oils, animal fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to
4.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be hydro-
cause fouling of fuel oil burning equipment, and triglycerides
carbon oils, except as provided in 4.3, free from inorganic acid,
are therefore not allowed as additives or components of
and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign
additives.
matter. The inclusion of additives to enhance performance
3.1.2 alternative blendstock, n—in diesel fuels and fuel oils,
properties, if required, is allowed.
a non-hydrocarbon oil substance added to diesel fuel or fuel oil
4.1.1 Additives may be included in fuel oil at a blend level
at blend levels greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—An alternative blendstock should nor-
4.1.1.1 Additives are generally included in finished fuel oil
mally have an industry consensus standard or an annex in this
to enhance performance properties (for example, stability, pour
specification that defines its physical and chemical properties.
point, and so forth).
3.1.2.2 Discussion—See Appendix X3 for guidance regard-
4.1.1.2 Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended with
ing new materials for No. 1 and No. 2 grades of fuel oils.
other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for
3.1.3 biodiesel, n—fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of
determination of the volume percent of the finished fuel.
long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
4.1.1.3 Triglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal
fats, designated B100.
fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of
fuel oil burning equipment, and triglycerides are therefore not
3.1.4 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—a homogeneous mixture of
allowed as additives or components of additives.
hydrocarbon oils and mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acids.
4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In the abbreviation BXX, the XX rep-
uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light
resents the volume percentage of biodiesel in the blend.
and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the
grade.
3.1.5 hydrocarbon oil, n—a homogeneous mixture with
elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that
4.3 Alternative Blendstocks:
may also contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual
4.3.1 Fuels Blended with Biodiesel—The detailed require-
impurities and contaminants associated with the fuel’s raw
ments for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:
materials and manufacturing processes and excluding added
4.3.1.1 Biodiesel for Blending—If biodiesel is a component
oxygenated materials.
of any fuel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements of
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Neither macro nor micro emulsions are
Specification D6751.
included in this definition since neither are homogeneous
4.3.1.2 The remainder of the fuel oil shall be fuel oil
mixtures.
conforming to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 or No. 2 of any
3.1.5.2 Discussion—Examples of excluded oxygenated ma-
sulfur level specified, with the exception that fuel oil whose
terials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.
sulfur level falls outside of Specification D396 may be blended
3.1.5.3 Discussion—The hydrocarbon oil may be manufac-
with biodiesel meeting Specification D6751, provided the
tured from a variety of raw materials, for example, petroleum
finished mixture meets this specification.
(crude oil), oil sands, natural gas, coal, and biomass. Appendix
4.3.1.3 Fuel oil containing up to 5 % by volume biodiesel
X3 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use
shall meet the requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or
of fuel oils from feedstocks other than petroleum.
No. 2 fuel as listed in Table 1.
3.1.6 S(numerical specification maximum), n—a part of the
4.3.1.4 Fuel oil containing 6 % to 20 % by volume biodiesel
grade name that states the maximum sulfur content in ppm by
shall meet the requirements for the appropriate grade B6 to
mass (
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D396 − 21 D396 − 24
Standard Specification for
Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under
various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use
in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing
type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and
small industrial burners.
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/
industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial
burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
NOTE 2—A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases
of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on
the subject, see Guide D4865.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021May 1, 2024. Published April 2021May 2024. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 20202021 as
D396 – 20.D396 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D0396-21.10.1520/D0396-24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D396 − 24
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method) (Withdrawn 2023)
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detection or Thermal
Conductivity Detection (TCD)
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)
D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotational Method)
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Air Pressure Method)
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blendstock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
D6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Robotic Tilt Method)
D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-Ethanol
Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D396 − 24
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Spectrometry
D7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method)
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distillation
Method)
D7346 Test Method for No Flow Point and Pour Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
D7371 Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
D7688 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) by Visual
Observation
D7861 Test Method for Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in Diesel Fuel by Linear Variable Filter (LVF) Array
Based Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
D7945 Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure
Viscometer
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 Other Documents:
26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and Concentration
40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives
EN 14078 Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Content in Middle Distillates — Infrared Spectrometry Method
EN 15751 Automotive Fuels—Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Fuel and Blends with Diesel Fuel—Determination of Oxidation
Stability by Accelerated Oxidation Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 additive, n—in fuel oils, a substance added to fuel oil at a blend level not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Additives are generally included in finished fuel oil to enhance performance properties (for example, stability, pour point, and so
forth).
3.1.1.2 Discussion—
Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended with other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for determination
of the volume percent of the finished fuel.
3.1.1.3 Discussion—
Triglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of fuel oil burning
equipment, and triglycerides are therefore not allowed as additives or components of additives.
3.1.2 alternative blendstock, n—in diesel fuels and fuel oils, a non-hydrocarbon oil substance added to diesel fuel or fuel oil at
blend levels greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
An alternative blendstock should normally have an industry consensus standard or an annex in this specification that defines its
physical and chemical properties.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
See Appendix X3 for guidance regarding new materials for No. 1 and No. 2 grades of fuel oils.
3.1.3 biodiesel, n—fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100.
3.1.4 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbon oils and mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
In the abbreviation BXX, the XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel in the blend.
3.1.5 hydrocarbon oil, n—a homogeneous mixture with elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that may also
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website (www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astm@nen.nl).
D396 − 24
contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual impurities and contaminants associated with the fuel’s raw materials and
manufacturing processes and excluding added oxygenated materials.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
Neither macro nor micro emulsions are included in this definition since neither are homogeneous mixtures.
3.1.5.2 Discussion—
Examples of excluded oxygenated materials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.
3.1.5.3 Discussion—
The hydrocarbon oil may be manufactured from a variety of raw materials, for example, petroleum (crude oil), oil sands, natural
gas, coal, and biomass. Appendix X3 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use of fuel oils from feedstocks other
than petroleum.
3.1.6 S(numerical specification maximum), n—a part of the grade name that states the maximum sulfur content in ppm by mass
(mg/kg) allowed by this specification and formatted as S followed with no space by the numerical sulfur maximum.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
Of the fourteen fuel oil grades specified in this specification, nine have important distinguishing maximum sulfur regulatory
requirements: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15; No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15; B6-B20 S5000, B6-B20
S500, and B6-B20 S15. The remaining grades are distinguished from these grades by other major properties in addition to sulfur
(unregulated maximum), and therefore are not included in this designation system.
3.1.6.2 Discussion—
-4
mg/kg is equivalent to μg/g, 1×10 % by mass, and mass fraction 0.000001.
3.1.6.3 Discussion—
Most, but not all, test methods to determine sulfur content mentioned in this specification produce results in units of mg/kg. Consult
the test method in use to determine units for a particular result.
4. General Requirements
4.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be hydrocarbon oils, except as provided in 4.3, free from inorganic acid, and free
from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. The inclusion of additives to enhance performance properties, if
required, is allowed.
4.1.1 Additives may be included in fuel oil at a blend level not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.
4.1.1.1 Additives are generally included in finished fuel oil to enhance performance properties (for example, stability, pour point,
and so forth).
4.1.1.2 Additives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended with other substances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for
determination of the volume percent of the finished fuel.
4.1.1.3 Triglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal fats, greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of fuel oil
burning equipment, and triglycerides are therefore not allowed as additives or components of additives.
4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and
heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade.
4.3 Alternative Blendstocks:
4.3.1 Fuels Blend
...

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ASTM D187-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Burning Quality of Kerosene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since the information provided by this test method is largely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering the following characteristics are required in referring to this test method in specifications for kerosene:  
5.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if not otherwise specified;  
5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensions during the test;  
5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chimney deposit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the burning properties of kerosene to be used for illuminating purposes. (Warning—Combustible. Vapor harmful.)
Note 1: The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10 which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tendencies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject the kerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would be experienced in typical designated applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements appear throughout the test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2699-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
5.2 Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1,  k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations.  
5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.2.3 Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States.  
5.3 Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N.  
1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Gu...

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ASTM D2700-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation.  
5.2 Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations.  
5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.  
5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.7
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.  
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8. ...

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ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6227-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component

ABSTRACT
This specification covers Grade 82 unleaded aviation gasoline for use only in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use this fuel. Aviation gasoline shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, or aromatic hydrocarbons, and when applicable, methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE). They may also contain antioxidants (oxidation inhibitors), metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, and fuel system icing inhibitors. The gasoline shall be tested and conform accordingly to the following property requirements: lean mixture knock value and motor method octane number; color; blue and red dye content; distillation temperature at % evaporated, end point, and residue content; distillation recovery; distillation loss; net heat of combustion; freezing point; vapor pressure; lead content; copper strip corrosion; sulfur content; potential gum; and alcohols and ether content (aliphatic ethers, methanol, and ethanol).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specification and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) may be present within the limits specified.  
1.2 A fuel may be certified to meet this specification by a producer as Grade UL82 or UL87 aviation gasoline only if blended from component(s) approved for use in these grades of aviation gasoline by the refiner(s) of such components, because only the refiner(s) can attest to the component source and processing, absence of contamination, and the additives used and their concentrations. Consequently, reclassifying of any other product to Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 aviation gasoline does not meet this specification.  
1.3 Appendix X1 contains an explanation for the rationale of the specification. Appendix X2 details the reasons for the individual specification requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2156-09(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level. Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.  
5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to home-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amounts of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the following comparison:    
Smoke Spot
Number  
Icham, percent
Transmission  
Ringelman
Smoke Number  
0  
100  
0  
2  
95  
0  
4  
80  
0  
6  
54  
0  
8  
18  
0  
9  
0  
0  
9  
0  
0 to 5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D910-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation gasoline for civil use: Grade 80; Grade 91; Grade 100; and Grade 100LL. The gasoline shall adhere to octane rating requirements specified for individual grades, as follows: lean mixture knock value (motor octane number and aviation lean rating); rich mixture knock value (octane and performance number); tetraethyl lead content; color; and dye content (blue, yellow, red, and orange). Conversely, the gasoline shall meet the following requirements specified for all grades: density; distillation (initial and final boiling points, fuel evaporated, evaporated temperatures); recovery, residue, and loss volume; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; copper strip corrosion; oxidation stability (potential gum and lead precipitate); volume change during water reaction; and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.  
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off