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ASTM F3637-23

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing of Metal — Finished Part Properties — Methods for Relative Density Measurement

Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing of Metal — Finished Part Properties — Methods for Relative Density Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General:  
5.1.1 This guide is intended to support PBF-LB process and parameter development, part acceptance criteria, and process control tests.  
5.1.2 Flaws and Defects—Fabricating fully dense parts continues to be a challenge in AM as the process intrinsically introduces volumetric flaws into a part reducing the part relative density (that is, increasing porosity or the presence of small voids in a part making it less than fully dense) and mechanical performance.
5.1.2.1 When a flaw reaches a size, shape, location, or criticality that makes it becomes unacceptable for part acceptance, it will be referred to as a defect.
5.1.2.2 Flaw or defect formation is governed by the manufacturing process, build parameters, feedstock, and geometric factors. Therefore, accurate measurement of fabricated part relative density is an important initial step in determining part and process quality.
5.1.2.3 The quantity, size, and shape of the volumetric flaws influences mechanical performance of a part, particularly under cyclic loading. These data could indicate irregularly shaped (for example, LOF pores or microcracking) or spherical porosity (for example, keyhole or entrapped gas porosity) and determine acceptability by assigning criteria. While these metrics can be quantified, in this guide, the general capabilities of each method to capture this data will be highlighted, but detailed recommendations on these data types will not be made and rather the focus will be on relative density measurements.  
5.1.3 Uncertainty and Error—Users should consider that each measurement technique considered in this guide has differing sensitivities to various sized features. The measurement methods will also have different potential systematic errors or measurement uncertainties due to sampling sizes, detection resolution, effect of surface condition, experimental set-up, or reliance on a theoretical material density. It is important that these effects are taken into considerati...
SCOPE
1.1 In this standard, guidelines for measuring post-manufacturing relative density of metallic additive manufactured (AM) parts and density assessment test specimens are given.  
1.2 In this guide, standard test methods commonly used to measure part relative density and details any procedural changes or recommendations for use with PBF-LB parts are referenced. Extensibility to other types of metallic AM processes may be considered on a case-by-case basis with user discretion.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied during the selection process of methods to measure the relative density of AM parts to balance cost, accuracy, complexity, part destruction, and part size concerns.  
1.4 Pore size, shape, and distribution and their implications relative to the AM process and material are beyond the scope of this guide; however, each method’s ability to obtain these metrics is discussed in the context of the various density measurement methods.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-May-2023
ICS
25.030 - Additive manufacturing
Technical Committee
F42 - Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Drafting Committee
F42.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F3637-23 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing of Metal — Finished Part Properties — Methods for Relative Density MeasurementASTM F3637-23 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing of Metal — Finished Part Properties — Methods for Relative Density Measurement
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ASTM F3637-23 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing of Metal — Finished Part Properties — Methods for Relative Density Measurement
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3637 − 23
Standard Guide for
Additive Manufacturing of Metal — Finished Part Properties
1
— Methods for Relative Density Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3637; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 In this standard, guidelines for measuring post-
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
manufacturing relative density of metallic additive manufac-
Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
tured (AM) parts and density assessment test specimens are
B923 Test Method for Metal Powder Skeletal Density by
given.
Helium or Nitrogen Pycnometry
1.2 In this guide, standard test methods commonly used to
B962 Test Methods for Density of Compacted or Sintered
measure part relative density and details any procedural
Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes’
changes or recommendations for use with PBF-LB parts are
Principle
referenced. Extensibility to other types of metallic AM pro-
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
cesses may be considered on a case-by-case basis with user
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi-
discretion.
als by Comparative Pulse-Echo Method
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied during the selection
E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-
process of methods to measure the relative density of AM parts
Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image
to balance cost, accuracy, complexity, part destruction, and part
Analysis
size concerns.
E1935 Test Method for Calibrating and Measuring CT
Density
1.4 Pore size, shape, and distribution and their implications
E2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)
relative to the AM process and material are beyond the scope
F2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Pre-
of this guide; however, each method’s ability to obtain these
pared by Additive Manufacturing
metrics is discussed in the context of the various density
2
2.2 ISO Standard:
measurement methods.
ISO/ASTM 52900 Additive Manufacturing — General Prin-
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
ciples — Fundamentals and Vocabulary
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
this standard.
3. Terminology
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—Terminology relating to additive manufac-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
turing in ISO/ASTM 52900 shall apply.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Acronyms:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.1 2D—Two-dimensional
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 3D—Three-dimensional
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.3 AM—Additive manufacturing
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.4 CAD—Computer-aided design
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.5 HIP—Hot isostatic pressing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.2.6 LOF—Lack of fusion
3.2.7 NDT—Nondestructive testing
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive
2
Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
F42.01 on Test Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 15, 2023. Published June 2023. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F3637-23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3637 − 23
3.2.8 PBF-LB—Powder bed fusion-laser beam 4.3.5 Metallography and serial sectioning are destructive
methods that captures 2D images of specimen sections. Rela-
3.2.9 XCT—X-ray computed tomography
tive density is calculated via area fraction of pores.
4. Summary of Guide
5. Significance and Use
4.1 The relative density of a PBF-LB part, in the context of
5.1 General:
this guide, is expressed as a percentage relative to 100 % dense
5.1.1 This guide is intended to support PBF-LB pro
...

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5.1 Particle characterization, especially particle size distribution, has been an important parameter for quality control (QC) and research and development (R&D) in a very wide variety of industries and markets, anywhere a particulate system is a final product or an intermediate constituent somewhere in the process. But size alone is not a sufficient morphological measurement to use to understand many factors of the complete particle morphology of particulate systems and their effects on other properties. This information is expected to contribute to the understanding of the effects of shape on powder spreadability and flowability in the creation of the bed in powder bed fusion AM and the density and porosity of the final AM parts (definitions in ISO/ASTM 52900 and Terminology B243). Ultimately, specifications can be developed for quality control (QC) tolerances for these shape parameters that can be measured with a straightforward, fast automated analysis
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1.1 This guide explains how to characterize the quality of metal powder feedstock to additive manufacturing (AM) relative to the powder shape using automated static or dynamic image analysis by optical photography. This guide will describe the method(s) to measure powder shape parameters that can identify potentially detrimental powder characteristics and specifically describe how to identify and quantify the proportion of agglomerates/satellites and other irregularly shaped non-spherical powder particles in a powder batch.  
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1.1 This practice is intended to be used to assign part classifications across the aviation industries that use AM to produce parts.  
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