ASTM C43-99

Standard Terminology of Structural Clay Products

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains terms and definitions of terms associated with the standards specific to masonry units and roofing tile manufactured by firing clay and shale raw materials.
1.2 The definitions and definitions of terms in this terminology pertain to Specifications C32, C34, C56, C62, C126, C212, C216, C279, C410, C652, C902, C1088, C1167, C1261, C1272 and Test Methods C67.
1.3 Generic terminology for masonry is found in Terminology C1232. Terminology C1232 also applies to masonry units manufactured by firing clay and shale raw materials.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Feb-2001
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C15 - Masonry – Manufactured Masonry Units, Mortars and Grouts
• Drafting Committee: C15.08 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C43-01 - Standard Terminology of Structural Clay Products
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1400-11(2017) - Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1568-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2266-22 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Low-Rise Frame Building Wall Systems to Resist Water Intrusion
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C479-04(2022) - Standard Specification for Vitrified Clay Liner Plates
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1602-03(2017) - Standard Guide for Construction of Solid Fuel Burning Masonry Heaters
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D5703-95(2022)e1 - Standard Practice for Preparatory Surface Cleaning for Clay Brick Masonry
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 43 – 99
Standard Terminology of
Structural Clay Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 43; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C 1232 Terminology of Masonry
C 1261 Specification for Firebox Brick for Residential Fire-
1.1 This terminology contains terms and definitions of terms
places
associated with the standards specific to masonry units and
C 1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick
roofing tile manufactured by firing clay and shale raw materi-
als.
3. Terminology
1.2 The definitions and definitions of terms in this terminol-
3.1 Terms and Definitions:
ogy pertain to Specifications C 32, C 34, C 56, C 62, C 126,
C 212, C 216, C 279, C 410, C 652, C 902, C 1088, C 1167,
RAW MATERIALS
C 1261, C 1272 and Test Methods C 67.
clay, n—an earthy or stony mineral aggregate consisting
1.3 Generic terminology for masonry is found in Terminol-
essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when
ogy C 1232. Terminology C 1232 also applies to masonry units
sufficiently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and
manufactured by firing clay and shale raw materials.
vitreous when fired to a sufficiently high temperature.
2. Referenced Documents
fire clay, n—a sedimentary clay of low flux content.
reactive particulates, n—a particle or particles present in a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 32 Specification for Sewer and Manhole Brick (Made clay body, which when near the surface may flake off or
cause an eruption (pop-outs) of the surface when exposed to
from Clay or Shale)
C 34 Specification for Structural Clay Load-Bearing Wall the weather.
shale, n—a thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay
Tile
C 56 Specification for Structural Clay Non-Load-Bearing with well-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.
surface clay, n—an unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occur-
Tile
C 62 Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units ring on the surface.
Made from Clay or Shale)
MANUFACTURE
C 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
Structural Clay Tile
bed surface, n—the bed surface of the brick is the in situ
C 126 Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay
non-vertical surface intended to be joined by mortar.
Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units
brick face, n—the face of brick is any surface intended for use
C 212 Specification for Stuctural Clay Facing Tile
to form the exposed surface of the masonry structure.
C 216 Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units
coring, v—the process of perforating structural clay products,
Made from Clay or Shale)
generally performed during extrusion by supporting cores
C 279 Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry Units
(rods) within the shaping cap of the extruder.
C 410 Specification for Industrial Floor Brick
cells/core holes, n—continuous openings or perforations
C 652 Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry
within extruded clay products. The extent of permissible
Units Made from Clay or Shale)
openings is specified for each product as the percentage of
C 902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving
gross area in the normal bedding surface plane that must be
Brick
net (solid) area. Core hole is generally used for brick while
C 1088 Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units Made
cell is used for structural tile. Cells are distinguished from
from Clay or Shale
core holes by being larger in size. As an illustration, cells
2 2
C 1167 Specification for Clay Roof Tiles
must be larger than 1 in . (645 mm ) under Specification
2 2
C 34, and 1 ⁄2 in. (968 mm ) under Specification C 652.
1 extrusion, n—shaping of brick by pushing plastic clay or shale
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee through a die opening that forms the peripheral dimensions
C15.08 on Terminology.
of the brick. The column of extrudate is then cut into
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally
sections to provide the third dimension of the brick. Water is
published as C 43–65T. Last previous edition C 43–98a.
added to the clay or shale in sufficient quantities to permit
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C43
laminar flow through the extrusion machine. The consis- PARTS, OPENINGS, AND
tency of the extrudate may vary from stiff and capable of DESIGNATION OF DIMENSIONS
supporting several times its weight to soft and deformable
height, n—the vertical dimension of the unit in the face of a
under slight loads.
wall.
fired bond, n—bond developed between particulate constitu-
length, n—the horizontal dimension of the unit in the face of
ents of brick solely as the result of the firing process. The
the wall.
bond may result from fusion or melting of one or more
constituents of the composition or the surface of particles.
PRODUCT PROPERTIES
Other thermal mechanisms such as sintering and interpar-
absorption, n—weight of water picked up by a clay masonry
ticle reaction may be responsible for the bond.
unit during immersion at prescribed conditions expressed in
The higher the heat treatment, the greater the extent of
relation to the dry weight of the unit.
bonding and consequently the greater the developed strength
Two conditions of immersion are designated in standards
and the lower the resulting porosity. The bond development
relating to brick: 24 h in room temperature (60–86°F
should be sufficient to provide the specified strength, poros-
(15.5–30°C)) water or5hin boiling water. (Different time
ity, and durability for any particular product.
intervals are specified for structural tile and other products.)
firing, v—process of heating the material to elevated tempera-
The resulting absorptions are termed cold absorption and
tures. The temperatures are usually in excess of 930°C. The
boiling absorption.
extent of firing is a function of both time and temperature.
Absorption values are used in brick and tile standards as
The firing develops the inter-particulate bond, the strengths,
one factor in classifying these products into durability
the pore structure, and the color of the product. The extent of
grades. Absorptions are indicators of the extent of firing
firing should be sufficient to produce the levels of these
during manufacture as well as being indicators of durability.
properties required by the specifications for the particular
initial rate of absorption, n—a distinct property that offers
product.
different information from absorption. It is a measure of the
frog, n—an indentation in one bed surface of a brick manu-
suction of water upward into a dry brick from a bed face
factured by molding or pressing. The identation may be
during one minute of exposure. It is expressed as grams of
shallow (not exceeding ⁄8 in. (9.5 mm)) and is termed a
water picked up in one minute by a net area of 30 in. (194
panel. A deeper indentation is called a deep frog. Limits on
cm ).
the extent of frogging are given in Specifications C 62,
Initial rate of absorption is one factor influencing the
C 216, and C 652.
quality of bond between brick and mortar. It is used in brick
incipient fusion, n—beginning of the development of fired
standards to recommend construction practices for enhanc-
bond.
ing mortar to brick bonding.
molding, v—shaping of brick by dropping, throwing, or
vibrating wet clay or shale in a mold cavity shaped to
SURFACE FEATURES
provide the peripheral dimensions of the brick. Sufficient
combed finish, n—units whose face surfaces are altered by
water is mixed with the clay or shale to produce a soft
consistency. more or less parallel scratches or scarfs in manufacture.
exposed finish, n—units whose surfaces are intended to be left
When insides of molds are sanded to prevent sticking of
clay, the product is sand-struck brick. When the molds are exposed or painted.
flashed finish, n—units whose surface faces have a range of
wetted to prevent sticking, the product is water-struck brick.
color produced by the control of the atmospheric conditions
pressing, v—shaping of brick by pressing clay or shale into a
mold cavity which forms the peripheral dimensions of the in the kiln during firing.
glaze, n—a hard, glassy, fused ceramic coating which may
brick.
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