ASTM A291/A291M-05

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears

ABSTRACT
This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel, and liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts for reduction gears. Prior to heat treatment for mechanical properties testing , steel materials may undergo machining and boring, after which specimens shall be stress relieved. Tensile, impact and Brinell hardness tests shall be performed wherein forgings shall conform to the following mechanical properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Charpy V-notch, and Brinell hardness. Specimens shall also conform to chemical requirements for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, and aluminum.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered carbon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for pinions, gears, and shafts.
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A,is normalized and tempered carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for the class of material used.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2005
• ICS: 77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
• Technical Committee: A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
• Drafting Committee: A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A291-03 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2005
• Replaced By: ASTM A291/A291M-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2010
• Referred By: ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2005

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A291/A291M – 05
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
1
Shafts for Reduction Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA291/A291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
2
of Steel Forgings
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered car-
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
bon steel and quenched and tempered alloy steel forgings for
2
Forgings
pinions, gears, and shafts.
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
1.2 Several grades of steel are covered as follows:
quirements
1.2.1 Grade 1, Class A, is normalized and tempered carbon
steel.
3. Ordering Information
1.2.2 Grade 2, Class B, Grade 3, Class C, Grade 3A, Class
3.1 Instructions for purchasing forgings to this specification
D, Grades 4 to 7, Classes E, F, G, and H, Grade 8, Class I, and
should be in accordance with Specification A788/A788M.In
Grade 9, Class J, are liquid quenched and tempered alloy steel.
addition, a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of
1.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under
the forging should be included with the inquiry or order.
proper conditions.Welding technique is of fundamental impor-
3.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall
tance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and
apply only when specified in the purchase order.
inspection shall be in accordance with approved methods for
the class of material used.
4. Heat Treatment
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4.1.1 The forgings shall be given such preliminary heat
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
treatment as is proper for the design and composition. The
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
sufficientlengthoftimeforaustenitizationandshallbesuitably
with the standard.
cooled to bring about complete transformation.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1.2 Forgings may be immediately treated for mechanical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
properties after preliminary heat treatment or may be rough
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
turned prior to treatment for mechanical properties.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 Heat Treatment for Mechanical Properties—The forg-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing shall be reheated to a temperature above the upper critical
2. Referenced Documents temperature and held a sufficient length of time for complete
2 austenitization. Grade 1 shall be air cooled while Grades 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
through 9 shall be liquid quenched.
4.3 Tempering—The forgings shall be tempered to develop
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
the specified properties. Minimum tempering temperatures
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
shall be as follows:
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Minimum Tempering Temperature
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published September 2005. Originally
Grade Class °F [°C]
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as A291 – 03. DOI:
1 and 2 A and B 1150 [620]
10.1520/A0291_A0291M-05.
2 3, 3A, and 4 C, D, and E 1075 [580]
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5, 6, 7 F, G, and H 1050 [565]
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
8 I 1100 [595]
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
9 J 1000 [540]
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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A291/A291M – 05
The charge shall be cooled under uniform conditions in the large ends, collars and flanges, or the nominal rough-machined
furnace at a maximum rate of 100°F [55°C] per h to 600°F wall thickness of bored forgings shall determine the size
[315°C]. classification.
4.4 Stress Relief—If the manufacturer elects to heat treat for
7.1.3 Number, Location, and Orientation of Test Specimens:
mechanical properties prior to m
...