ASTM D5876-95(2000)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1--The term "direct" with respect to the rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2--This guide does not include all of the procedures for fluid rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.
1.2 The term "casing advancement" is sometimes used to describe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the center pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide addresses casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod (casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be performed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or drag bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may be continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance with Practice D2113.
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Designation:D5876–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation
of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information
used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
NOTE 1—Theterm“direct”withrespecttotherotarydrillingmethodof
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
NOTE 2—This guide does not include all of the procedures for fluid a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D 5783.
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to
document means only that the document has been approved
describe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the center
through the ASTM consensus process.
pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the
large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing
2. Referenced Documents
for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide
2.1 ASTM Standards:
addressescasing-advancementequipmentinwhichthedrillrod
D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-
(casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with
sign, and Construction Purposes
application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline
Fluids
drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be
D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by
performedwithoutsamplingbyusingapilotrollerconeordrag
Auger Borings
bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material
D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
maybecontinuouslyorincrementallysampledbyreplacingthe
Sampling of Soils
pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either
D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-
rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance
pling of Soils
with Practice D 2113.
D 2113 Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Inves-
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to
tigation
be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
parentheses are for information only.
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
1.5 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenviron-
D 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
mental exploration will often involve safety planning, admin-
D 4220 Practice for Preserving and Transporting Soil
istration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to
Samples
specifically address exploration and site safety.
D 4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published February 1996. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5876–95 (2000)
Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is
D 4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the
Storativity of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea- bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
surements Using the Pressure Pulse Technique (0.03 m).
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
3.2.4 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
Well)
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
D 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
Core Samples
3.2.5 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
D 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
Used at NonRadioactive Waste Sites
boring.
D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground
3.2.6 drill string—the complete rotary drilling assembly
Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods, and
D 5099 Practice for Development of Ground Water Moni-
connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly
toring Wells in Aquifers
is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position
D 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.
Identify a Ground-Water Site
3.2.7 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or primary
D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
tions of Soil and Rock
gravel pack is usually granular material, having selected
D 5730 Guide to Site Characterization for Environmental
grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring
Purposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone,
device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter
and Ground Water
pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a nonclogging filter when
D 5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation
the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, as a
Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-
formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
development.
D 5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsur-
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances, a clean,
face Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases, a
D 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with
prepacked screen may be used.
Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-
3.2.8 head space—on a double- or triple-tube wireline core
ration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Moni-
barrel it is the spacing adjustment made between the pilot-shoe
toring Devices
leading edge and the inner kerf of the outer-tube cutting bit.
D 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-
Spacing should be about ⁄16 in. or roughly, the thickness of a
vironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface
matchbook. (The head-space adjustment is made by removing
Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
the inner-barrel assembly, loosening the lock nut on the
D 5876 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing
hanger-bearing shaft and either tightening or loosening the
Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental
threaded shaft until the inner barrel is moved the necessary
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-
distance, up or down, to obtain the correct setting. Reassemble
Quality Monitoring Devices
the inner- and outer-barrel assemblies, attach the barrel to the
drill rod or a wireline and suspend vertically allowing the
3. Terminology
inner-barrel assembly to hang freely inside the outer barrel on
3.1 Definitions—Terminology used within this guide is in
the inner hanger-bearing assembly. Check the head space. It is
accordance with Terminology D 653 with the addition of the
imperativethattheadjustmentiscorrecttoensurethattheinner
following:
barrel is free to rotate without contacting the outer barrel. If
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
incorrectly adjusted, the inner barrel will 88hang up” and rotate
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi-
withtheouterbarrelasthecoreisbeingcut.Thiswillcausethe
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
core to break and block entry of core into the inner barrel.)
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products
3.2.9 grout shoe—a drillable 88plug” containing a check
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
valve that is positioned within the lowermost section of a
3.2.2 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disk-shaped
casing column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
the annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the
another casing.
water-quality analysis).
3.2.9.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable
3.2.3 cleanout depth—thedepthtowhichtheendofthedrill
88plug” should be known and documented.
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an
3.2.10 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positioned
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09. immediately above the discharge end of the pipe.
D5876–95 (2000)
3.2.11 intermittent sampling devices—usually barrel-type accommodate latching of either pilot bits or core barrels. The
samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a overshot mechanism is designed to latch and unlatch bit or
borehole with drill rods or with a wireline system to lower, barrelassemblies.Bitcuttingisaccomplishedbyapplicationof
drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of an the combination rotary and static down forces to the bit.
increment of drilling. The user is referred to the following General drill-hole advancement may be performed without
standards relating to suggested sampling methods and proce- sampling by using either a pilot roller cone or drag bit until the
dures: Practice D 1452, Test Method D 1586, Practice D 3550, desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may be
and Practice D 1587. continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilot
3.2.12 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either rock
obtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically or soil.
pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole 4.2 The pilot bit or core barrel can be inserted or removed at
following completion of an increment of drilling. However, any time during the drilling process and the large inside
some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure diameter rods can act as a temporary casing for testing or
transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may installation of monitoring devices.
require lowering and setting of the device(s) in preexisting
5. Significance and Use
boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
rods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctly
5.1 Wireline casing advancement may be used in support of
position the device(s) in the borehole.
geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsur-
3.2.13 lead distance—the mechanically adjusted length or face monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consoli-
distance that the inner-barrel cutting shoe is set to extend
dated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-
beyond the outer core-barrel cutting bit in order to minimize advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to a
possible core-erosion damage that can be caused by the
wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as
circulating drilling-fluid media. Lead distance is checked by long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-
vertically suspending the entire core-barrel assembly from a
advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-
wireline or from a section of drill rod so that the inner-barrel penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added
can hang freely from the upper inner-barrel swivel assembly.
benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective
The cutting shoe extension below the outer core-barrel cutting casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of
bit can then be checked. The 88stiffer” or more competent the
the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only
formation to be cored, the less the extension of the inner-barrel be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the
cutting shoe is necessary to avoid core erosion.
inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.
3.2.14 overshot—a latching mechanism located at the end 5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use
of the hoisting line. It is specially designed to latch onto or
withcirculatingairunderpressureforsamplingwater-sensitive
release pilot bit or core-barrel assemblies. materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in
3.2.15 pilot bit assembly—design to lock into the end
cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2). Several
section of drill rod for drilling without sampling. The pilot bit
advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other
can be either drag, roller cone, or dia
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