ASTM D4328-18
(Practice)Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds found in industrial operations. Application of this standard practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system, however, requires experience. The calculations tell the user if a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode. Whether or not scale will in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it will form, in what quantities, and what composition are subject to factors beyond the scope of this practice. However, based on how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an objective evaluation of the relative likelihood of scale formation can be made.
Note 1: There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of supersaturation of barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline waters under investigation exceed 95°C. At temperatures above 95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble forms.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4328 − 18
Standard Practice for
Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium
Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in
1
Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4328; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D513Test Methods forTotal and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
in Water
1.1 Thispracticecoversthecalculationofsupersaturationof
D516Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
bariumsulfate,strontiumsulfate,andcalciumsulfatedihydrate
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
(gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which
D3352Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,
barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist
Seawater, and Brines
individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium
D3561Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium
sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline
Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by Atomic
watersunderinvestigationexceed95°C.Attemperaturesabove
Absorption Spectrophotometry
95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble
D3651TestMethodforBariuminBrackishWater,Seawater,
forms.
and Brines
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D3986Test Method for Barium in Brines, Seawater, and
Brackish Water by Direct-Current Argon Plasma Atomic
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. Emission Spectroscopy
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Terminology D1129.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Significance and Use
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical found in industrial operations. Application of this standard
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system,
however, requires experience. The calculations tell the user if
2. Referenced Documents
a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode.Whether or
2
not scale will in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it
2.1 ASTM Standards:
willform,inwhatquantities,andwhatcompositionaresubject
D511Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
tofactorsbeyondthescopeofthispractice.However,basedon
D512Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an
objective evaluation of the relative likelihood of scale forma-
1
tion can be made.
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in
NOTE 1—There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that
Water.
are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these
Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originally
calculations.
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4328–08 (2013).
DOI: 10.1520/D4328-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 5. Procedure
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 Collect water samples for compositional analysis in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. accordance with Practices D3370.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4328 − 18
NOTE 2—Supersaturation may also be calculated directly from the
5.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentrations
3
equation (1).
in accordance with Test Methods D511.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4328 − 08 (Reapproved 2013) D4328 − 18
Standard Practice for
Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium
Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in
1
Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4328; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of supersaturation of barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate dihydrate
(gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist individually
in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline waters
under investigation exceed 95°C. At temperatures above 95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble forms.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
D513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Water
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D3352 Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry
D3651 Test Method for Barium in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
D3986 Test Method for Barium in Brines, Seawater, and Brackish Water by Direct-Current Argon Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectroscopy
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D1129.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1129.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds found
in industrial operations. Application of this standard practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system, however,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in Water.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013May 1, 2018. Published July 2013May 2018. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
D4328 – 08.D4328 – 08 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/D4328-08R13.10.1520/D4328-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4328 − 18
requires experience. The calculations tell the user if a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode. Whether or not scale will
in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it will form, in what quantities, and what composition are subject to factors beyond
the scope of this practice. However, based on how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an objective evaluation
of the relative likelihood of scale formation can be made.
NOTE 1—There are several personal computer (PC) type program
...
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