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ASTM D6477-02a

(Terminology)

Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord and Fabrics

Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord and Fabrics

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2002
ICS
83.160.01 - Tyres in general
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.19 - Industrial Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6477-02 - Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord and Fabrics
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D6477-03 - Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5591-22 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2692/D2692M-15 - Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Tire Fabrics, Tire Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and Yarns
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8054/D8054M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Para-Aramid Flat Yarns
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4776/D4776M-18 - Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Tire Cords and Other Reinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-Test Procedure
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6477-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4974/D4974M-22 - Standard Test Method for Hot Air Thermal Shrinkage of Yarn and Cord Using a Thermal Shrinkage Oven
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6611-23 - Standard Test Method for Wet and Dry Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Resistance
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D123-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7812-22 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Testing of Aramid Paper
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6588/D6588M-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Fatigue of Tire Cords (Disc Fatigue Test)
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002

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ASTM D6477-02a - Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord and FabricsASTM D6477-02a - Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord and Fabrics
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ASTM D6477-02a - Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord and Fabrics
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 6477 – 02a
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6477; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5591 Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn
and Cord with the Testrite Thermal Shrinkage Force
1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions
3
Tester
developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fab-
D 6320 Test Methods for Single Filament Hose Reinforcing
rics.
3
Wire Made from Steel
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire
cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside
3. Terminology
the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations
adhesion, n—the property denoting the ability of a material to
or in dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this termi- resist delamination or separation into two or more layers.
D 1871, D 4393, D 4776
nology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s
terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing adhesion, n—in tire fabrics, the force required to separate a
textile material from rubber or other elastomer by a definite
redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the
same concept are defined in different words. prescribed method. D 2229, D 4393, D 4776
adhesive treated tire cord, n—a tire cord whose adhesion to
2. Referenced Documents
rubber or other elastomer has been improved by the appli-
2.1 ASTM Standards: cation of a dip followed by rapid drying and (normally)
2
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles additional heat treatment. D 5591
D 885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and air wicking, n—in tires, the passage of air longitudinally along
Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured or through yarns in a fabric that has been encased and cured
2
Organic-Base Fibers in rubber or other elastomer, that is, air permeability in the
D 1871 Test Methods for Adhesion of Single-Filament Steel plane of the fabric. D 2692
2
Wire to Rubber breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material
D 2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire carried to rupture.
2
Cords and Rubber
DISCUSSION—Materials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-
D 2692 Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, Tire
mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximum
2
Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and Yarns
force before rupturing. For many years, it has been the usual practice in
2
D 2969 Test Methods for Steel Tire Cords
the tire industry and related industries to use the term breaking strength
to characterize yarn and cord of a specified size and type without any
D 2970 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and
2
reduction to unit size. Numerically, breaking strength is equal to
Industrial Yarns Made from Glass Filaments
breaking force for the same specimen. The average of the breaking
D 4393 Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing
forces observed on two or more specimens of a specific sample is
3
Cords or Fabrics to Rubber Compounds
referred to as the sample breaking strength, which is the property used
D 4776 Test Method for Adhesion of Tire Cords and Other
in engineering calculations for a specific textile material. Tensile
Reinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-Test Pro-
strength and breaking tenacityare derived or calculated values that
3
cedure characterize a type or class of material reduced to unit size. These terms
can be used to compare intrinsic strengths of yarns and cords of
D 4974 Test Method for Hot Air Thermal Shrinkage of Yarn
3 different sizes or different materials. The term tensile strength,inMPA
and Cord Using a Thermal Shrinkage Oven
(psi), is not synonymous hit either breaking force or breaking strength,
D 4975 Test Methods for Single-Filament Tire Bead Wire
in N (lbf), or breaking tenacity, in mN/tex (gf/den).
3
Made from Steel
breaking strength, n—a strength expressed in terms of
breaking force.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabrics.
DISCUSSION—Breaking strength is particularly significant as the
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originallyap-
characteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen, and is usually
proved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 6477–02.
expressed as newtons (N) or pounds-force (lbf). See discussion for
2
Annual Book of ASTM
...

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ASTM D6477-23(Terminology)
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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.  
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
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ASTM D4776/D4776M-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Tire Cords and Other Reinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-Test Procedure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D4776 for the determination of the H-test adhesion of reinforcing cords to rubber compounds may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of reinforcing cords but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In cases of dispute arising from the differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4776 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is used to measure the force required to extract the cord from a rubber compound test block.  
5.3 This test method is designed to test the adhesion of textiles that are bonded to rubber compounds. Variables that may contribute to differences in results of this test method include adhesive type, adhesive application procedure, adhesive cure, fiber type, construction of cords, rubber type, rubber cure, and rubber thickness.  
5.3.1 The deleterious effect of ozone in combination with atmospheric moisture on the ability of adhesives to bond with rubber requires assiduous protection of cords prior to embedment.  
5.4 The expec...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of adhesion of reinforcing cords that are bonded to rubber compounds. This test method is applicable to textile cord structures from both natural and manmade fibers, other than steel. For adhesion testing of steel tire cords, refer to Test Method D2229.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used to evaluate tire cords, using a suitable tire cord adhesive and a suitable rubber compound. This test method is also used to evaluate (1) tire cord adhesives, and (2) the process of adhesive reaction on the cord using one consistent form of tire cord and one consistent rubber compound. This test method may be used to evaluate cords in industrial hose and belting products and other cord reinforced rubber products.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6588/D6588M-11(2016)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fatigue of Tire Cords (Disc Fatigue Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), a comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from a material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue of tire cords in rubber due to compression or extension, or both, using a disc fatigue tester. The fatigue is measured as a loss in strength.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
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5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of tire fabrics since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. This test method is also considered satisfactory for quality control.  
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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5.1 The 1.707-m [67.23-in.] diameter laboratory test roadwheel is one of the most extensively employed testing devices for tire durability and endurance testing.  
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1.1 This practice covers the requirements for a 1.707-m [67.23-in.] diameter laboratory roadwheel for durability and endurance testing of tires under controlled operating and environmental conditions.  
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Tire testing operations usually consist of a sequence of tests that involve special “reference” tires in addition to the candidate tires being evaluated for their performance characteristics. Reference tires serve as an “internal benchmark” which may be used to adjust for variation in test results to give improved comparisons among the candidate tires. Numerous approaches have been adopted using different terminology for such testing. This causes confusion and the purpose of this practice is to standardize some of the elementary concepts and terminology on this topic.
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1.2 In addition to the basic concepts and terminology, a statistical model for tire testing operations is also presented in Annex A1. This serves as a mathematical and conceptual foundation for the terms and other testing concepts; it will improve understanding. The annex can also serve for future consultation as this practice is expanded to address additional aspects of the testing process.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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