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ASTM D638-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for the control and specification of plastic materials. These data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for research and development. For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation and with speed and environment of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.
It is realized that a material cannot be tested without also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence, when comparative tests of materials per se are desired, the greatest care must be exercised to ensure that all samples are prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to include the effects of sample preparation. Similarly, for referee purposes or comparisons within any given series of specimens, care must be taken to secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of preparation, treatment, and handling.
Tensile properties may provide useful data for plastics engineering design purposes. However, because of the high degree of sensitivity exhibited by many plastics to rate of straining and environmental conditions, data obtained by this test method cannot be considered valid for applications involving load-time scales or environments widely different from those of this test method. In cases of such dissimilarity, no reliable estimation of the limit of usefulness can be made for most plastics. This sensitivity to rate of straining and environment necessitates testing over a broad load-time scale (including impact and creep) and range of environmental conditi...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed.
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing specimens in the form of thin sheeting, including film less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, Test Methods D882 is the preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.
1.3 This test method includes the option of determining Poisson's ratio at room temperature.
Note 1—This test method and ISO 527-1 are technically equivalent.
Note 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate of strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speeds specified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in the plastic state. Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test specimens, which are permitted by these procedures, produce variations in the surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these variations may influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are desired, all samples should be of equal thickness. Special additional tests should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
Note 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as electrical insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D229 and Test Method .
Note 4—For tensile properties of resin-m...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-2010
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.10 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D638-08 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7275-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D1708-18 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics by Use of Microtensile Specimens
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D2287-19 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Nonrigid Vinyl Chloride Polymer and Copolymer Molding and Extrusion Compounds
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM F2759-19 - Standard Guide for Assessment of the Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Used in Orthopedic and Spinal Devices
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D882-18 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM F2600-09(2018) - Standard Specification for Electrofusion Type Polyamide-11 Fittings for Outside Diameter Controlled Polyamide-11 Pipe and Tubing
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4801-08(2016) - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Sheeting in Thickness of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) and Greater
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4565-20 - Standard Test Methods for Physical and Environmental Performance Properties of <brk/>Insulations and Jackets for Telecommunications Wire and Cable
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D2239-22 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SIDR-PR) Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D1039-16(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM F1973-21 - Standard Specification for Factory Assembled Anodeless Risers and Transition Fittings in Polyethylene (PE) and Polyamide 11 (PA11) and Polyamide 12 (PA12) Fuel Gas Distribution Systems
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8501-23 - Standard Classification System for and Basis for Specification for Unfilled Poly(Ether Ketone Ketone) (PEKK) Materials for Molding, Extrusion, Composites, Powder Coating and Additive Manufacturing
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4000-23 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM F2150-19 - Standard Guide for Characterization and Testing of Biomaterial Scaffolds Used in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
Effective Date
15-May-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D638 − 10
StandardTest Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
only.
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ofstandarddumbbell-shapedtestspecimenswhentestedunder
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
testing machine speed.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 Thistestmethodcanbeusedfortestingmaterialsofany
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing
specimensintheformofthinsheeting,includingfilmlessthan 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, Test Methods D882 is the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than
D229Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.
Used for Electrical Insulation
D412TestMethodsforVulcanizedRubberandThermoplas-
1.3 This test method includes the option of determining
tic Elastomers—Tension
Poisson’s ratio at room temperature.
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 527-1 are technically equivalent.
D651Test Method for Test for Tensile Strength of Molded
NOTE 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical
3
Electrical Insulating Materials (Withdrawn 1989)
procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement
D882Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that
Sheeting
wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate
of strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speeds
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
specified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in the
D1822Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break
plastic state. Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
specimens,whicharepermittedbytheseprocedures,producevariationsin
D3039/D3039MTest Method forTensile Properties of Poly-
thesurface-volumeratiosofsuchspecimens,andthatthesevariationsmay
mer Matrix Composite Materials
influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are
desired, all samples should be of equal thickness. Special additional tests
D4000Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
als
NOTE 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded
D4066Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extru-
resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as
sion Materials (PA)
electrical insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with
D5947Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
Test Methods D229 and Test Method D651.
Plastics Specimens
NOTE 4—For tensile properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced
with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
6
[>3.0×10 -psi) fibers, tests shall be made in accordance with Test
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
Method D3039/D3039M.
someter Systems
E132Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at RoomTemperature
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
appropriate for use in engineering design.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 15, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D638-08. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
1
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D638–08 Designation:D638–10
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of
standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing
machine speed.
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing specimens
intheformofthinsheeting,includingfilmlessthan1.0mm(0.04in.)inthickness,TestMethodsD882isthepreferredtestmethod.
Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.
1.3 This test method includes the option of determining Poisson’s ratio at room temperature.
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 527-1 are technically equivalent.
NOTE 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement type of
test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate of strain
betweengagemarksonthespecimen,andthatthetestingspeedsspecifieddisguiseimportanteffectscharacteristicofmaterialsintheplasticstate.Further,
it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test specimens, which are permitted by these procedures, produce variations in the surface-volume ratios
of such specimens, and that these variations may influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are desired, all samples should be
of equal thickness. Special additional tests should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
NOTE 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as electrical
insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D229 and Test Method D651.
NOTE 4—For tensile properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa [>3.0 3 10
6-psi) fibers, tests shall be made in accordance with Test Method D3039/D3039M.
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersTension
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
3
D651 Method of Test for Tensile Strength of Molded Electrical Insulating Material
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1822 Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D3039/D3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extrusion Materials (PA)
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approvedApril 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D638-03. DOI: 10.1520/D0638-08.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay15,2010.PublishedJune2010.Originallyapprovedin1941.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2008asD638 - 08.DOI:10.1520/D0638-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D638–08 Designation:D638–10
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of
standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing
machine speed.
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing specimens
intheformofthinsheeting,includingfilmlessthan1.0mm(0.04in.)inthickness,TestMethodsD882isthepreferredtestmethod.
Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.
1.3 This test method includes the option of determining Poisson’s ratio at room temperature.
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 527-1 are technically equivalent.
NOTE 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement type of
test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate of strain
betweengagemarksonthespecimen,andthatthetestingspeedsspecifieddisguiseimportanteffectscharacteristicofmaterialsintheplasticstate.Further,
it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test specimens, which are permitted by these procedures, produce variations in the surface-volume ratios
of such specimens, and that these variations may influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are desired, all samples should be
of equal thickness. Special additional tests should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
NOTE 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as electrical
insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D229 and Test Method D651.
NOTE 4—For tensile properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa [>3.0 3 10
6-psi) fibers, tests shall be made in accordance with Test Method D3039/D3039M.
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersTension
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
3
D651 Method of Test for Tensile Strength of Molded Electrical Insulating Material
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1822 Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D3039/D3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extrusion Materials (PA)
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approvedApril 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D638-03. DOI: 10.1520/D0638-08.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay15,2010.PublishedJune2010.Originallyapprovedin1941.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2008asD638 - 08.DOI:10.1520/D0638-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm
...

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5.2.1 Observed data are specific to experimental conditions. Reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained is essential to assist users with interpreting the data an reconciling apparent or perceived discrepancies.  
5.3 This test method can be used to assess:  
5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,  
5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency,  
5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment,  
5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping.  
5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on modulus,  
5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance,  
5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,  
5.3.8 The effect of aspect ratio on the modulus of fiber reinforcements, and  
5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting the visco-elastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The data generated, using three-point bending techniques, is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or compositions using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide means for determining the viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastics materials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of polymeric material systems.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 5.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established ...

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ASTM
ASTM D5024-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Compression

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions using very small amounts of material. The data obtained can be used for quality control and/or research and development purposes. For some classes of materials, such as thermosets, it can also be used to establish optimum processing conditions.  
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.  
5.2.1 Observed data are specific to experimental conditions. Reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained is essential to assist users with interpreting the data an reconciling apparent or perceived discrepancies.  
5.3 This test method can be used to assess:  
5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,  
5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency,  
5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment, including orientation,  
5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping,  
5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on elastic modulus,  
5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance,  
5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,  
5.3.8 The effect of aspect ratio on the modulus of fiber reinforcements, and  
5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, make reference to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins as well as composite systems in the form of cylindrical specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The compression data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastics material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the thermomechanical properties (as a function of a number of viscoelastic variables) for a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques as outlined in Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus, loss (viscous) modulus, complex modulus, and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr...

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ASTM
ASTM D5026-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Tension

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic materials using very small amounts of material. The data obtained is used for quality control, research and development, as well as the establishment of optimum processing conditions.  
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables can be used to provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.  
5.2.1 Observed data are specific to experimental conditions. Reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained is essential to assist users with interpreting the data an reconciling apparent or perceived discrepancies.  
5.3 This test method can be used to assess:  
5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,  
5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency,  
5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment, including orientation,  
5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping,  
5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on elastic modulus,  
5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance,  
5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,  
5.3.8 The effect of aspect ratio on the modulus of fiber reinforcements, and  
5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, make reference to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specificati...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The tensile data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 4.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pri...

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ASTM D2863-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.  
5.2 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.  
1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index.  
1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1).    
1.4 This test method provides for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m3.  
1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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