ASTM E45-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.
Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicatesthe last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 12.2.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.
The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (1/64 in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.
The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting process and production ma...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 This practice covers procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ^REFERENCE:
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Designation: E45 – 11
Standard Test Methods for
1
Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E45; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized 2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
methods include five generally accepted systems of examina- Blooms, and Forgings
tion. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
a category based on similarities in morphology, and not E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic tech- Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
niques that allow simple differentiation between morphologi- E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-
cally similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the meth- Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image
ods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents Analysis
such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and interme- E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
tallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic E1951 GuideforCalibratingReticlesandLightMicroscope
methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated Magnifications
3
using one or more of these methods; the methods will be 2.2 SAE Standards:
described in terms of their use on steels. J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclu-
1.2 ThesetestmethodscoverprocedurestoperformJK-type sions in Steel
3
inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance 2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:
with microscopic methods A and D. AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic
determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two Particle Inspection Procedure
methods, may be found most satisfactory. AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test Corrosion-Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection
methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining Procedure
or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel. AMS 2304, Special Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
4
standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are ap- 2.4 ISO Standards:
proximate. ISO 3763, Wrought Steels—Macroscopic Methods for As-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the sessing the Content of Nonmetallic Inclusions
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ISO 4967, Steel—Determination of Content of Nonmetallic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Inclusions—Micrographic Methods Using Standard Dia-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- grams
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclu- the ASTM website.
3
sions. Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
´1 4
approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E45 –10 . DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0045-11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E45–11
2.5 ASTM Adjuncts: oxide). Paragraph 12.2.1 describes a
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E45–10 Designation: E45 – 11
Standard Test Methods for
1
Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E45; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—For consistency, references to “Practice” E45 were editorially corrected to “Test Methods” E45 in March 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought
steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five
generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on
similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple
differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for
rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some
of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods
will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance
with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining
the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or
establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope Magnifications
3
2.2 SAE Standards:
J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclusions in Steel
3
2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:
AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclusions.
´3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E45–05 . DOI:
10.1520/E0045-10.
´1
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E45 –10 . DOI: 10.1520/E0045-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E45–11
AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E45–10 Designation: E45 – 11
Standard Test Methods for
1
Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E45; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—For consistency, references to “Practice” E45 were editorially corrected to “Test Methods” E45 in March 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought
steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five
generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on
similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple
differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for
rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some
of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods
will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance
with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining
the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or
establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope Magnifications
3
2.2 SAE Standards:
J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclusions in Steel
3
2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:
AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclusions.
´3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E45–05 . DOI:
10.1520/E0045-10.
´1
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E45 –10 . DOI: 10.1520/E0045-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E45–11
AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
...
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