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ASTM D4158-08

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)

Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affected by many factors in a complex manner. The results obtained from the use of this instrument assist in evaluating these factors relative to the wear serviceability of the final textile product in specific end uses. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors that include the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, amount of treatment added to the fibers, yarns or fabric; the nature of the abradant; the tension on the specimen; the pressure between the specimen and the abradant; and the dimensional changes in the specimen. Experience has shown in many instances, that relative results obtained with this instrument when used on a series of fabrics, agreed with those obtained based upon performance in end use. However, caution is advised because anomalous results may occur due to uncontrolled factors in manufacturing or other processes. Specific instances have been described. , , , In any event, anomalous results should be studied to further understand the complex behavior that may occur as a result of abrasion that may in turn assist in the development of more durable fabrics.
Testing some specimens under “wet” conditions can add another dimension to the evaluation of some textiles. Such testing under “wet” conditions can help ascertain the effect of changes in a fabric's resistance to abrasion when it becomes wet. This test can also increase the uniformity of the abrading action by washing away abrasion debris and preventing the build up of broken fibers that can interfere with the proper progression of the tests.
This test is used as a guide in evaluating textiles in quality control and in research.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistic...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the resistance to abrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uniform abrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types including carpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under this method.
Note 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886, D 4157, D 4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.  
1.1.1 Provisions are provided for testing specimens in dry and wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:
Option 1—Fabric Rupture Option 2—Mass Loss Option 3—Thickness Loss Option 4—Breaking Strength Loss
1.1.2 Provision is provided for testing specimens in the wet state.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2008
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4158-01 - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D4158-08(2012) - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4157-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4966-22 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3884-22 - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform Abrader Method)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM F1551-09(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterization of Synthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3885-07A(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4158–08
Standard Guide for
1
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the resistance to
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
abrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uniform
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
abrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types including
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
carpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under this
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
method.
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
D4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
1.1.1 Provisions are provided for testing specimens in dry
Methods
and wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:
D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Option 1—Fabric Rupture
Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
Option 2—Mass Loss
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
Option 3—Thickness Loss
Option 4—Breaking Strength Loss Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
2.2 Other Documents:
1.1.2 Provision is provided for testing specimens in the wet
AATCC Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics:
state.
3
Accelerator Method
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,
3. Terminology
the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values
3.1 For all terms relating to D13.60, Fabric Test Methods,
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
ingvaluesfromthetwosystemsmayresultinnonconformance
abrasion ,abrasion cycle, rotation.
with the specification.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety
nology D123.
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
4. Summary of Test
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
4.1 A specimen is mounted in a holder and abraded uni-
limitations prior to use.
formly in all directions in the plane and about every point of
the surface of the specimen. The settings of the instrument,
2. Referenced Documents
method of mounting specimens, conditions of test (conditioned
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or wet), and criteria to be used in evaluating abrasive wear in
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
the test, depend upon the nature of the specimen to be tested
and the use to be made of the test results. Abrasion resistance
1
for wear is evaluated by one or more conditions of destruction,
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
a defined surface damage, loss in the mass, strength or
Specific.
thickness of test specimens, or by increased weakness in the
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved
sample as shown by a subsequent test by another method,
in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4158 – 01. DOI: 10.1520/
D4158-08. depending on the material or its intended use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
the ASTM website. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4158–08
5. Significance and Use 5.4 Thistestisuniqueandissignificantlydifferentfromany
other existing abrading test.
5.1 The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affected
5.5 This guide may also be used as a technique for pretreat-
by many factors in a comple
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4158–01 Designation:D4158–08
Standard Guide for
1
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the resistance to abrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uniform
abrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types including carpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under this method.
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886, D 4157,
D 4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.
1.1.1 Provisions are provided for testing specimens in dry and wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:
Option 1—Fabric Rupture
Option 2—Mass Loss
Option 3—Thickness Loss
Option 4—Breaking Strength Loss
1.1.2 Provision is provided for testing specimens in the wet state.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
specification.
1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1776Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 3884Test Methods Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric
D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
2.2 Other Documents:
3
AATCC Test Method 93, Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerator Method
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing against another surface.
1
This methodguide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001.June 1, 2008. Published May 2001.July 2008. Originally published as D4158–82.approved in 1982. Last previous edition
D4158–92.approved in 2001 as D 4158 – 01.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Discontinued- See 2000 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol 07.02.
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4158–08
3.1.2abrasion cycle, n—one complete movement of an abradant across the surfaces of a material being abraded.
3.1.2.1Discussion—The complete movement for an abrasion cycle is dependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the
test method used. It may consist of one back and forth nondirectional movement, or one circular movement, or a combination of
both. For the uniform abrasion method, one cycle is one circular movement or rotation as noted on its counter.
3.1.3rotation, n—one count on the counter which is roughly equivalent to one cycle.
3.2For definitions of other terms used in these metho
...

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1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel.  
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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