ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a

Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2022
• ICS: 77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.03 - Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E1316-24 - Standard Terminology for <?Pub Dtl?>Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM E1316-19b - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1316-19 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1316-18 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM E1316-17a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM E1316-17 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM E1316-16a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016
• Refers: ASTM E3024/E3024M-16 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1316-16 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1316-15a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM E3022-15 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteristics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM E1316-15 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM E1316-14 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1316-14e1 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1316-13d - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2013

Overview

ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a: Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace is a key international standard issued by ASTM, detailing the minimum requirements and controls for magnetic particle testing (MPT) of ferromagnetic materials in aerospace applications. This standard covers the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities such as cracks, seams, and inclusions using the wet fluorescent method, ensuring quality and safety for critical aerospace components.

It supports engineering drawings, specifications, and contracts by establishing the baseline for effective application and quality control of MPT, but should be supplemented by detailed, procedure-based documentation at the user level. ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a replaces the older MIL-STD-1949 and aligns with global best practices for nondestructive testing (NDT).

Key Topics

• Magnetic Particle Testing Process: Involves magnetizing the area under test, applying magnetic particles (typically wet fluorescent suspension), and assessing accumulation patterns to identify material discontinuities.
• Scope of Application: Focused on ferromagnetic materials used in aerospace, including raw materials, billets, finished and semi-finished parts, welds, and in-service components.
• Detection Capabilities: Designed to find defects like cracks, laps, seams, and inclusions at or near the surface. Not suitable for non-ferromagnetic metals or certain stainless steels.
• Personnel Qualification: Requires adherence to recognized qualification and certification programs (SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT CP-189, NAS 410, EN 4179, or ISO 9712).
• System and Process Controls: Covers requirements for equipment calibration, lighting, suspension vehicles, particle concentration, and routine performance verification.
• Written Procedures: MPT must be performed according to a detailed written procedure, covering elements like material identification, magnetizing equipment and currents, particle application, acceptance criteria, and safety considerations.
• Safety and Environmental Compliance: Users must address relevant safety, health, and environmental concerns, observe material safety data protocols (MSDS), and comply with applicable regulations.

Applications

ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a is widely used in:

• Aerospace Manufacturing: To assure integrity of critical components during production and prior to the application of surface treatments (e.g., plating, coating).
• Maintenance & Inspection: For in-service inspection of parts to identify fatigue cracks, corrosion-induced damage, or other failure initiation sites.
• Quality Assurance: Supporting compliance with aerospace quality systems, as requirements in this standard can be referenced on drawings, contracts, and procurement documents.
• Weld Inspection: Essential for detecting surface-breaking weld defects and ensuring weld quality.
• Component Certification: Used as a standard method within third-party and regulatory audits to prove NDT competency and reliability.

Related Standards

Several ASTM, international, and industry-specific standards are referenced within or used alongside ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a:

• ASTM E3024/E3024M - Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry
• ASTM E709 - Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing (a tutorial companion)
• ASTM E3022 - Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteristics of LED UV-A Lamps
• ASTM E1316 - Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• ASTM E543 - Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
• NAS 410 / EN 4179 / ISO 9712 - Personnel qualification and certification standards
• AMS 3044/3045/3046 - Magnetic Particle material specifications
• A-A-59230 / AMS 2641 - Fluid suspension vehicle standards

Refer to ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a for the comprehensive list of related and referenced documentation.

Summary

ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a is the authoritative practice for magnetic particle testing in aerospace, supporting detection of critical surface or near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic components. It ensures reliability, maintains safety standards, and supplements quality management systems throughout the aerospace sector. For enhanced understanding or broader industrial application, users can reference associated practices and guides listed within the standard.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1444/E1444M − 22a
Standard Practice for
Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1444/E1444M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the
wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
with this practice as a tutorial.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or
near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle
2. Referenced Documents
testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic
the extent specified herein.
particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals
and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 2
2.2 ASTM Standards:
for additional information.
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are Testing
outside the scope of this practice.
E709Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement
E2297GuideforUseofUV-AandVisibleLightSourcesand
between the cognizant engineering organization and the
MetersusedintheLiquidPenetrantandMagneticParticle
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
Methods
organization.
E3022Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM stan-
tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in
dard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are
Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
included in the same standard, with each system of units to be
E3024/E3024MPractice for Magnetic Particle Testing for
regarded separately as standard.
General Industry
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
2.3 ASNT Documents:
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
SNT-TC-1APersonnel Qualification and Certification in
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
Nondestructive Testing
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
ANSI/ASNTCP-189Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
from the two systems shall not be combined. cation of NDT Personnel
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2022.PublishedJuly2022.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as E1444/E1444M–22. DOI: AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
10.1520/E1444_E1444M-22A. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1444/E1444M − 22a
4,5 11
2.4 SAE-AMS Documents: 2.11 ASD-STAN Document:
AMS2175Castings, Classification and Inspection of EN 4179 Qualification and Approval of Personnel for
AMS2641Magnetic Particle Inspection Vehicle Non-Destructive Testing
AMS3044Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,
2.12 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between
Dry Powder
the text of this practice and the referenced documents cited
AMS3045Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,
herein, the text of this practice takes precedence.
Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use
AMS3046Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,
3. Terminology
Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged
3.1 Definitions—The definitions relating to magnetic par-
AMS5355Investment Castings
ticle testing, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply
AS4792Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous Magnetic
to the terms used in this practice.
Particle Inspection
AS5282Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic Particle
4. Significance and Use
Inspection
AS5371Reference Standards Notched Shims for Magnetic
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing con-
Particle Inspection
sistsofmagnetizingtheareatobeexamined,applyingsuitably
SAE AMS-STD-595Colors Used in Government Procure-
prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and
ment
subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle
4,6
2.5 Federal Standard: accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the dis-
continuityispositionedonthesurfaceandperpendiculartothe
FED-STD-313Material Safety Data, Transportation Data
and Disposal Data for Hazardous Materials Furnished to magnetic flux.
Government Activities
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-
4,6
2.6 Military Standards:
trollingtheapplicationofthemagneticparticletestingmethod.
A-A-59230Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspension
This practice is written so that it can be specified on the
MIL-STD-1949Inspection, Magnetic Particle
engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a
2.7 OSHA Document: detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination
29CFR1910.1200 Hazard Communication
personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed
4,8
written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this
2.8 ANSI Document:
practice.
ANSI/NCSLZ540.3 General Requirement for Calibration
Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment
5. General Practice
2.9 ISO Standards:
ISO 10012 Measurement Management Systems—
5.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami-
Requirements for Measurement Processes and Measuring
nations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified and
Equipment (ISO 10012 is not intended as a substitute for,
certified in accordance with SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT CP-
or as an addition to, the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025.)
189, NAS410, EN4179, ISO 9712, or as specified in the
ISO 9712Non-destructiveTesting — Qualification and Cer-
contract or purchase order.
tification of NDT Personnel
5.2 Agency Qualification—The agency performing this
ISO/IEC 17025General Requirements for the Competence
practice may be evaluated in accordance with Specification
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
E543.
2.10 AIA Document:
5.3 Written Procedure—Magnetic particle testing shall be
NAS410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nonde-
performedinaccordancewithawrittenprocedureapplicableto
structive Test Personnel
the part or group of parts under examination. The procedure
shall be in accordance with the requirements of this practice.
Copies of standards, specifications, drawings, and publications required by The process, when conducted in accordance with the written
manufacturers in connection with specification acquisition should be obtained from
procedure, shall be capable of detecting discontinuities speci-
the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
fied in the acceptance criteria. The written procedure may be
AvailablefromSAEInternational(SAE),400CommonwealthDr.,Warrendale,
general if it clearly applies to all of the specified parts being
PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
examined and meets the requirements of this practice. All
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
written procedures, including technique sheets for specific
dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
parts,shallbeapprovedbyanindividualqualifiedandcertified
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
atLevel3(III)formagneticparticletestinginaccordancewith
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
the requirements of 5.1. Procedures shall be submitted to the
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
cognizant engineering organization for review, or approval, or
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
both, when requested.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
AvailablefromAerospaceIndustriesAssociationofAmerica,Inc.(AIA),1000
WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org. Available from ASD-STAN, asd-stan.org.
E1444/E1444M − 22a
5.3.1 Elements of the Written Procedure—The written pro- 5.3.1.16 Post-examinationdemagnetizationandcleaningre-
cedure shall include at least the following elements, either quirements; and
directly or by reference to the applicable documents:
5.3.1.17 The method and measurement frequency will be
5.3.1.1 Nameandaddressoffacilitytowhichtheprocedure
defined for meeting the minimum examination intensity for all
applies, containing the unique procedure identification number
UV-A lamps, including battery-powered lamps. Any require-
and the date it was written;
ments for documentation of the measurements will also be
5.3.1.2 Identification of the part(s) to which the procedure
defined.
applies; this shall include the material, or alloy, or both;
5.4 Examination Sequence—Perform magnetic particle ex-
5.3.1.3 For new components, sequence of magnetic particle
amination after all operations which might cause or reveal
testing as related to manufacturing process operation (for
discontinuities. Such operations include, but are not limited to,
example, post plating, after heat treat, etc.);
forging, heat treating, electroplating, forming, welding,
5.3.1.4 Identification of test parts used for system perfor-
grinding, straightening, machining, and proof loading.
mance verification (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2);
5.4.1 Perform magnetic particle examination prior to shot
5.3.1.5 Process controls (see Table 1);
5.3.1.6 Identificationoftheareasoftheparttobeexamined peening(toprovideabeneficialcompressivelayer)andpriorto
and include an illustration, a drawing, or photos as necessary; applying protective finishes such as priming, painting, plating
5.3.1.7 Part preparation required before examination; (see 5.4.3 through 5.4.3.5), or other coatings.
5.3.1.8 Directions for positioning the item with respect to
5.4.2 In-process examinations may not be substituted for
the magnetizing equipment;
final examination.
5.3.1.9 The type of magnetizing current and the equipment
5.4.3 Plating and Coatings—Examine parts which will
to be used;
receive either a plating or coating as follows:
5.3.1.10 Method of establishing the magnetization (head,
5.4.3.1 Examination is required prior to all non-
coil, yoke, cable wrap, etc.);
electroplated coatings.
5.3.1.11 Directionsofmagnetizationtobeused,theorderin
5.4.3.2 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness
whichtheyareapplied,andanydemagnetizationproceduresto
of0.0008in.[0.02mm]orlessshallbeexaminedeitherbefore
be used between shots;
or after electroplating, or grinding, or both.
5.3.1.12 Thecurrentlevel,orthenumberofampereturns,to
be used and the duration of its application; 5.4.3.3 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness
of between 0.0008 in. [0.02 mm] and 0.0050 in. [0.13 mm]
5.3.1.13 Type of magnetic particle material to be used, the
particle concentration limits, and the method and equipment to shall be examined both before and after electroplating, or
grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.
be used for its application. If a suspension dwell time is
required, the length of suspension drain time prior to exami- (1)Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness of
0.0050 in. [0.13 mm] or greater shall be examined before
nation shall be defined;
5.3.1.14 Type of records and method of marking parts after electroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.
examination; (2)Magnetic particle examination after electroplating is
5.3.1.15 Acceptance requirements to be used for evaluating not required for steels with a tensile strength less than or equal
indications,arcburns,anddispositionofpartsafterevaluation; to 160 ksi.
TABLE 1 Process Controls and Calibrations
Item Maximum Time Paragraph
A
Between Verification
B
Lighting:
Visible light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.1
Ambient light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.2
UV–A lamp intensity Daily 7.3.2, 7.4.5
Battery powered Prior to and after each use 7.4.5.2
UV–A lamp intensity check
C
UV-A lamp integrity Daily 7.3.2
B
System Performance: Daily 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2
Wet particle concentration 8 hours, or every shift change 7.2.1.1
B
Wet particle contamination: 1 week 7.2.1.2
Water break test Daily 7.2.2
B
Equipment calibration check:
Ammeter accuracy 6 months 7.4.1
Timer control 6 months 7.4.2
Quick break 6 months 7.4.3
Yoke dead weight check 6 months 7.4.4
UV-A Radiometer and Photometer 6 months 7.4.7
Hall-Effect Gaussmeter or Field 6 months 7.4.6
Indicator accuracy
A
When the test system is in operation.
B
The maximum time between verifications may be reduced or extended when substantiated by actual technical/reliability data.
C
Need not be recorded.
E1444/E1444M − 22a
5.4.3.4 Use caution when examining parts with an electro- 6. Specific Practice
plated nickel coating as indications may form from the
6.1 Preparation of Parts for Testing:
resulting leakage fields within the nickel plating itself.
6.1.1 Pre-examination Demagnetization—The part shall be
5.4.3.5 For in-service examination, plating or coatings do
demagnetized per 6.7.1 before testing if prior operations have
not require removal prior to examination unless they are
produced a residual magnetic field that may interfere with the
damaged, or they interfere with the examination process.
examination.
6.1.2 Surface Cleanliness and Finish—The surface of the
5.5 Materials:
parttobeexaminedshallbeessentiallysmooth,clean,dry,and
5.5.1 Wet Particle Requirements—Wet particles shall meet
free of oil, scale, machining marks, or other contaminants or
the requirements of AMS3044, 3045, or 3046, as applicable.
conditions that might interfere with the efficiency of the
5.5.2 Suspension Vehicles—The suspension vehicle for the
examination.
wet method shall be a light petroleum distillate conforming to
6.1.3 Plugging and Masking—Plugging and masking are
AMS2641 (Type I) or A-A-59230, or a suitably conditioned
required when specified by the cognizant engineering organi-
water that conforms to the requirements of 5.5.3. When
zation.
approved by the contracting agency,AMS2641 (Type II) may
6.1.4 All areas on the part where electrical contact is made
be used. When specified, the oil suspension vehicle shall meet
shall be sufficiently clean to prevent electrical arcing.
the salient characteristics specified in A-A-59230.
6.1.5 Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness—The examination
5.5.3 Conditioned Water Vehicle—When water is used as a
of aircraft-quality steel for cleanliness using magnetic particle
suspension vehicle for magnetic particles, the conditioning
testing shall be as appropriate to the type of steel being
agents used shall comply with AS4792. Proper wetting shall
inspected. However, testing of parts fabricated from this
be determined by a water break test (see 7.2.2). Smoother
material shall be in accordance with the requirements of this
surfaces generally require a greater percent of wetting agent
practice.
thanroughsurfaces.Foamingofthebathmustbeminimizedto
6.2 Magnetization Methods:
the point that it does not interfere with the examination
6.2.1 Types of Magnetizing Current—The types of currents
process.
used for magnetic particle testing are full-wave rectified
5.5.3.1 Water Vehicle Conditioning Agents—Any agents
current (1 or 3 phase), half-wave rectified current, and alter-
addedtothewatervehicleforanypurposeshallconformtothe
nating current. The equipment used shall fulfill the magnetiz-
requirements of the particle manufacturer.
ing and demagnetizing requirements adequately, as outlined
5.5.4 Particle Concentration—The concentration of par-
herein, without damage to the part under examination, and it
ticles in the suspension bath shall be as specified in the written
shallincludethenecessaryfeaturesrequiredforsafeoperation.
procedure.Particleconcentrationsoutsideoftherangeof0.1to
6.2.2 Yokes—When using yokes (electromagnetic probes)
0.4 mLin a 100mLbath sample for fluorescent particles shall
for magnetic particle testing, they shall meet the requirements
not be used.
of 7.4.4.
6.2.3 Magnetizing Current Application—Alternatingcurrent
5.6 Safety—The safe handling of magnetic particles and oil
is to be only used for the detection of discontinuities open to
vehicles, water baths, and water conditioner concentrates is
the surface. Full-wave direct current has the deepest possible
governed by the suppliers’ Material Safety Data Sheets
penetration and must be used for examination of sub-surface
(MSDS). Material Safety Data Sheets, conforming to 29 CFR
discontinuities when using the wet magnetic particle method.
1910.1200, or equivalent, must be provided by the supplier to
Half-wave direct current can also be used for examination of
any user and shall be prepared in accordance with FED-STD-
sub-surface discontinuities, and due to the pulsating nature of
313.
the waveform, it has the advantage of increased particle
5.6.1 Flammability—Flash point of oil vehicles shall be in
mobility.
accordance with AMS2641, Type I carriers. The suppliers’
6.2.4 Magnetic Field Directions—Discontinuities are diffi-
MSDS shall certify the flash point.
culttodetectbythemagneticparticlemethodwhentheymake
5.6.2 Personnel Hazards—Precautions against inhalation,
an angle less than 45° to the direction of magnetization. To
skin contact, and eye exposure are detailed in the suppliers’
ensure the detection of discontinuities in any direction, each
MSDS. These precautions shall be observed.
part must be magnetized in a minimum of two directions at
5.6.3 Electrical Hazards—Magnetizing equipment shall be
approximately right angles to each other. Depending on part
maintained properly to prevent personnel hazards from elec-
geometry, this may consist of circular magnetization in two or
trical short circuits. Care must be taken to reduce arcing and
more directions, multiple circular and longitudinal
the possible ignition of oil baths.
magnetization,oroflongitudinalmagnetizationintwoormore
5.6.4 UV-A Lamps—Replace cracked or broken ultraviolet
directions.
filtersimmediately.Brokenfilterscanallowharmfulultraviolet
NOTE 2—For further guidance, see Guide E709.
energy to be emitted and must be replaced immediately.
Spectacles designed to absorb ultraviolet energy are suggested 6.2.5 Multidirectional Magnetization—Multidirectional
for close, high-intensity UV-Aexamination. LED UV-Alamps magnetization may be used to fulfill the requirement for
used for evaluation purposes shall comply with Practice magnetization in two or more directions if it is demonstrated
E3022. See 7.3.2. that it is effective in all areas, which require examination as
E1444/E1444M − 22a
practical. Test parts in accordance with 6.3.1.1 or shims ring-shaped parts with a central aperture and with an L/D ratio
manufactured to the requirements ofAS5371, or as otherwise less than three, especially where the elimination of arcing or
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall be burning is of vital importance.
used to verify field direction, strength, and balance in multidi- 6.2.9 Parallel Current Induced Magnetization—This
rectional magnetization. Balancing of the combined magnetic methodofmagnetizationmayoccurwhenaferromagneticpart
field is critical and an adequate balance must be visually is placed alongside and parallel to a current-carrying conduc-
demonstrated to be effective in all areas which require exami- tor. A magnetic field will be induced in the part that is more
nation. The particle application must be timed so that the transversethancircular.Thistypeofmagnetizationshallnotbe
magnetizationlevelsreachfullvalueinalldirectionswhilethe used for magnetic particle testing unless approved by the
particles are mobile on the surface under examination. The cognizant engineering organization.
residual method shall only be used with the approval of the 6.2.10 Magnetization of Aerospace Lifting Hardware—The
cognizant engineering organization. use of permanent magnets, electromagnetic yokes, or coil
6.2.6 Direct Magnetization—Direct magnetization is ac- wraps on aerospace lifting hardware must be approved by the
complished by passing current directly through the part under cognizant engineering organization.
examination. Electrical contact is made to the part using head
6.3 Magnetic Field Strength:
and tail stock, clamps, or by other means. Caution shall be
6.3.1 Magnetic Field Strength—The applied magnetic field
taken to ensure that the electrical current is not flowing while
shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory
contacts are being applied or removed and that excessive
indications, but it must not be so strong that it causes the
heatingdoesnotoccurinanyareaofthepart.Unlessotherwise
masking of relevant indications by nonrelevant accumulations
specified by the cognizant engineering organization, prods or
ofmagneticparticles.Adequatemagneticfieldstrengthmaybe
magnetic leechs shall not be used for the examination of
determined by one or a combination of the following methods:
aerospace components or flight hardware.
6.3.1.1 In unidirectional, or multidirectional magnetizing
6.2.7 Indirect Magnetization—Indirect part magnetization
applications, by examining parts having known or artificial
uses pre-formed coils, cable wraps, yokes, field (flux) flow
discontinuities of the type, size, and location specified in the
fixtures, or a central conductor to induce a magnetic field in a
acceptance requirements or by using the notched shims as
part when no direct electrical contact is made.
defined in Annex A1;
6.2.7.1 Offset Internal Conductor Circular Magnetization—
6.3.1.2 In unidirectional magnetizing applications only, by
Thecircularfieldfromanoffsetinternalconductorisillustrated
using a Hall-Effect probe gaussmeter capable of measuring the
in Fig. 1. The extent of the field is dependent upon the fill
peak values of the tangential field as described in Annex A4.
factor of the bar or pipe used and the amperage applied. The
Tangential-field strengths shall have a minimum value of 30
effective radial field coverage of the magnetizing shot shall be -4
Gauss (30 × 10 Tesla [T]) when measured at the part surface
verified per paragraph 6.3.1. Examination shall be performed
usingatransverseHall-Effectprobegaussmeterasdescribedin
on all relevant surfaces prior to rotation of the hollow part on
Annex A4. The maximum Gauss value derived is limited by
the conductor to provide full radial coverage.
the restrictions of 6.3.1. See Guide E709 for additional
6.2.8 Induced Current Magnetization—Induced current
guidance.
magnetization (toroidal or circumferential field) is accom-
6.3.2 Longitudinal Magnetization Using Coils—
plished by inductively coupling a part to an electrical coil in
Longitudinal magnetization is often accomplished by passing
order to create a suitable current flow within the part as
currentthroughacoilencirclingthepart,orsectionofthepart,
illustrated in Fig. 2. This method is often advantageous on
to be examined (that is, by using a coil shot). This produces a
magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coil. The actual
effectivedistancemustbedemonstratedbasedontheparticular
part to be examined. For parts longer than these effective
distances, the entire length shall be examined by repositioning
the part within the coil, allowing for approximately 10%
effective magnetic field overlap. See 6.3.1 for field strength
methods that can be used in coil magnetization.
6.3.3 Magnetizing Current Shots—In a series of magnetiz-
ingshots,unlessthereisaninterimdemagnetizationoperation,
the amperage value shall proceed from a lower to a higher
selection.
6.3.4 Coil Shots—The value of the coil shot expressed in
ampere-turns(AT)isconsideredtobethecurrentmultipliedby
the number of coil turns.
6.3.5 The specimen under test shall have a minimum L/D
ratio of 2 for proper coil magnetization. Pole pieces may be
used to meet this minimum L/D ratio of the specimen. See
FIG. 1 The Effective Region of Examination When Using an Offset
Guide E709 for additional guidance.
Internal Conductor is Approximately Equal to Four Times the Di-
ameter of the Conductor as Indicated 6.4 Particle Application:
E1444/E1444M − 22a
NOTE 1—Only a changing magnetic field will generate a resulting eddy current in the ring-shaped part, such as when the magnetic field in the
magnetizingcoilsuddenlycollapses,orwhenusingamovingwaveformsuchasAC;noeddycurrentisproducedinthepartbyanon-movingwaveform.
The resultant toroidal shaped magnetic field may be used to detect circumferential discontinuities in the part.
FIG. 2 Example of Induced Current Magnetization
6.4.1 Wet Magnetic Particle Application, Continuous continuous method. It can be useful on materials with high
Method—Fluorescent particles suspended in a liquid vehicle at retentivity.Itisalsousefulfortheexaminationofpartsorareas
the required concentration shall be applied by gently spraying of parts, which because of geometric constraints, cannot be
or flowing the suspension over the area to be examined. examined with the continuous method. The residual method
6.4.1.1 Proper sequencing and timing of part magnetization shallbeusedonlywhenspecificallyapprovedbythecognizant
andapplicationofparticlesuspensionarerequiredtoobtainthe engineering organization or when it has been documented that
proper formation and retention of indications. This requires it can detect discontinuities or artificial discontinuities in parts
that the stream of suspension be diverted from the part under examination. The test parts shall have the same material
simultaneously with, or slightly before, energizing the mag- and processing steps, and similar geometry, to the actual parts
netic circuit. being examined.
6.4.1.2 The magnetizing current shall be applied for a
6.5 Evaluation—Following magnetization, particle
duration of at least 0.5 second for each application, with a
application, and before demagnetizing, the parts shall be
minimum of two shots being used. The second shot shall
examined for indications. The minimum acceptable UV-A
follow the first while the particles are still mobile on the
intensity is 1000µW⁄cm at the surface being examined. All
surface of the part.
indications will be identified as relevant or nonrelevant. Rel-
6.4.1.3 Under special circumstances, such as the use of
evant indications will be compared to the proper accept/reject
automated equipment or for critical parts, the 0.5–second
criteria and the parts accepted or rejected accordingly.
duration and the two-shot requirement may be waived, pro-
6.5.1 Eye Glasses—Personnel shall not wear eye glasses
vided it is demonstrated that the procedure can detect known
that are photochromic (transition lenses) or that have perma-
discontinuities in reference parts.
nently darkened lenses.This is not intended to prohibit the use
6.4.1.4 Careshallbeexercisedtopreventanydamagetothe
of eyeglasses with lenses treated to absorb ultraviolet light.
part due to overheating or other causes. Weakly held indica-
6.5.2 Dark Adaptation—Personnel must wait at least 1min
tions on highly finished parts are readily washed away, and
after entering a darkened area for their eyes to adjust to the
care must be exercised to prevent high-velocity flow over
low-level lighting before performing fluorescent magnetic
critical surfaces. Surfaces to be examined shall not be handled
particle testing.
or contacted until the examination is complete.
6.5.3 Acceptance Requirements—The acceptance require-
6.4.1.5 Particle application by continuous immersion shall
ments applicable to the part or group of parts shall be
be used only when specifically approved by the cognizant
incorporatedaspartofthewrittenprocedureeitherspecifically
engineering organization or when it has been documented that
or by reference to other applicable documents containing the
it can detect discontinuities or artificial discontinuities in parts
necessary information. When parts are zoned, the acceptance
under examination.
criteria for each zone shall be specified.
6.4.2 Residual Magnetization Method—Intheresidualmag-
netizationmethod,themagneticparticlesareappliedtothepart 6.6 Recording of Indications—Whenrequiredbythewritten
under examination after the magnetizing force has been dis- procedure, the location of all rejectable indications shall be
continued. The residual method is not as sensitive as the marked on the part, and permanent records of the location,
E1444/E1444M − 22a
direction, and frequency of indications may be made by one or using magnetic particle examination shall be marked in accor-
more of the following methods: dancewiththeapplicabledrawing,purchaseorder,contract,or
as specified herein prior to leaving the testing facility.
6.6.1 Written Description—By recording the location,
length,direction,andnumberofindicationsinsketchortabular 6.9.1 Marking shall be applied in such a manner and
location as to be harmless to the part. The identification shall
form.
not be obliterated or smeared by subsequent handling and,
6.6.2 Photography—By photographing or video recording
when practicable, placed in a location that will be visible after
the indications themselves, the tape, or the strippable film
assembly.
reproduction and placing the photograph in a tabular form
6.9.1.1 When subsequent processing would remove the
along with information giving its location on the part.
identification, the applicable marking shall be affixed to the
6.7 Post Examination Demagnetization and Cleaning—All
record accompanying the finished parts or assembly.
parts shall be demagnetized and cleaned after final examina-
6.9.1.2 Bolts and nuts and other fastener products may be
tion. Apply corrosion protection as required.
identified as having met the requirements of magnetic particle
6.7.1 Demagnetization:
testing by marking each package conspicuously.
6.7.1.1 When using AC demagnetization, the part shall be
6.9.2 Impression Stamping, Ink Stamping, Laser Marking,
subjectedtoafieldwithapeakvaluegreaterthan,andinnearly
Dyeing, Vibro Engraving, or Etching—Impression stamping,
the same direction as, the field used during examination. This
ink stamping, laser marking, dyeing, vibro engraving, or
AC field is then decreased gradually to zero. When using an
etching may be used when permitted or required by the
AC demagnetizing coil, the part is passed through the coil
applicablewrittenprocedure,detailspecificationordrawing,or
while the current is flowing. For effective demagnetization,
whenthenatureofthepartissuchastoprovideforimpression
parts having complex
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1444/E1444M − 22 E1444/E1444M − 22a
Standard Practice for
Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1444/E1444M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly
subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent
method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as
a tutorial.
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the
surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished
materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as
austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or
specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in
the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid Penetrant
and Magnetic Particle Methods.
Current edition approved June 1, 2022July 1, 2022. Published July 2022. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20212022 as
E1444/E1444M – 21.E1444/E1444M – 22. DOI: 10.1520/E1444_E1444M-22.10.1520/E1444_E1444M-22A.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1444/E1444M − 22a
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to the extent specified herein.
2.2 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteristics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
E3024/E3024M Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry
2.3 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
4,5
2.4 SAE-AMS Documents:
AMS 2175 Castings, Classification and Inspection of
AMS 2641 Magnetic Particle Inspection Vehicle
AMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method, Dry Powder
AMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use
AMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged
AMS 5355 Investment Castings
AS 4792 Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous Magnetic Particle Inspection
AS 5282 Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic Particle Inspection
AS 5371 Reference Standards Notched Shims for Magnetic Particle Inspection
SAE AMS-STD-595 Colors Used in Government Procurement
4,6
2.5 Federal Standard:
FED-STD-313 Material Safety Data, Transportation Data and Disposal Data for Hazardous Materials Furnished to Government
Activities
4,6
2.6 Military Standards:
A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspension
MIL-STD-1949 Inspection, Magnetic Particle
2.7 OSHA Document:
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
4,8
2.8 ANSI Document:
ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 General Requirement for Calibration Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment
2.9 ISO Standards:
ISO 10012 Measurement Management Systems—Requirements for Measurement Processes and Measuring Equipment (ISO
10012 is not intended as a substitute for, or as an addition to, the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025.)
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing — Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
2.10 AIA Document:
NAS 410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel
2.11 ASD-STAN Document:
EN 4179 Qualification and Approval of Personnel for Non-Destructive Testing
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copies of standards, specifications, drawings, and publications required by manufacturers in connection with specification acquisition should be obtained from the
contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland,
https://www.iso.org.
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
Available from ASD-STAN, asd-stan.org.
E1444/E1444M − 22a
2.12 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between the text of this practice and the referenced documents cited herein,
the text of this practice takes precedence.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions relating to magnetic particle testing, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the terms
used in this practice.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared
magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations.
Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This
practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to
procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that
conforms to the requirements of this practice.
5. General Practice
5.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified and certified
in accordance with SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT CP-189, NAS 410, EN4179, ISO 9712, or as specified in the contract or purchase
order.
5.2 Agency Qualification—The agency performing this practice may be evaluated in accordance with Specification E543.
5.3 Written Procedure—Magnetic particle testing shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure applicable to the part
or group of parts under examination. The procedure shall be in accordance with the requirements of this practice. The process,
when conducted in accordance with the written procedure, shall be capable of detecting discontinuities specified in the acceptance
criteria. The written procedure may be general if it clearly applies to all of the specified parts being examined and meets the
requirements of this practice. All written procedures, including technique sheets for specific parts, shall be approved by an
individual qualified and certified at Level 3 (III) for magnetic particle testing in accordance with the requirements of 5.1.
Procedures shall be submitted to the cognizant engineering organization for review, or approval, or both, when requested.
5.3.1 Elements of the Written Procedure—The written procedure shall include at least the following elements, either directly or
by reference to the applicable documents:
5.3.1.1 Name and address of facility to which the procedure applies, containing the unique procedure identification number and
the date it was written;
5.3.1.2 Identification of the part(s) to which the procedure applies; this shall include the material, or alloy, or both;
5.3.1.3 For new components, sequence of magnetic particle testing as related to manufacturing process operation (for example,
post plating, after heat treat, etc.);
5.3.1.4 Identification of test parts used for system performance verification (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2);
5.3.1.5 Process controls (see Table 1);
5.3.1.6 Identification of the areas of the part to be examined and include an illustration, a drawing, or photos as necessary;
5.3.1.7 Part preparation required before examination;
5.3.1.8 Directions for positioning the item with respect to the magnetizing equipment;
5.3.1.9 The type of magnetizing current and the equipment to be used;
E1444/E1444M − 22a
TABLE 1 Process Controls and Calibrations
Item Maximum Time Paragraph
A
Between Verification
B
Lighting:
Visible light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.1
Ambient light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.2
UV–A lamp intensity Daily 7.3.2, 7.4.5
Battery powered Prior to and after each use 7.4.5.2
UV–A lamp intensity check
C
UV-A lamp integrity Daily 7.3.2
B
System Performance: Daily 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2
Wet particle concentration 8 hours, or every shift change 7.2.1.1
B
Wet particle contamination: 1 week 7.2.1.2
Water break test Daily 7.2.2
B
Equipment calibration check:
Ammeter accuracy 6 months 7.4.1
Timer control 6 months 7.4.2
Quick break 6 months 7.4.3
Yoke dead weight check 6 months 7.4.4
UV-A Radiometer and Photometer 6 months 7.4.7
Hall-Effect Gaussmeter or Field 6 months 7.4.6
Indicator accuracy
A
When the test system is in operation.
B
The maximum time between verifications may be reduced or extended when substantiated by actual technical/reliability data.
C
Need not be recorded.
5.3.1.10 Method of establishing the magnetization (head, coil, yoke, cable wrap, etc.);
5.3.1.11 Directions of magnetization to be used, the order in which they are applied, and any demagnetization procedures to be
used between shots;
5.3.1.12 The current level, or the number of ampere turns, to be used and the duration of its application;
5.3.1.13 Type of magnetic particle material to be used, the particle concentration limits, and the method and equipment to be used
for its application. If a suspension dwell time is required, the length of suspension drain time prior to examination shall be defined;
5.3.1.14 Type of records and method of marking parts after examination;
5.3.1.15 Acceptance requirements to be used for evaluating indications, arc burns, and disposition of parts after evaluation;
5.3.1.16 Post-examination demagnetization and cleaning requirements; and
5.3.1.17 The method and measurement frequency will be defined for meeting the minimum examination intensity for all UV-A
lamps, including battery-powered lamps. Any requirements for documentation of the measurements will also be defined.
5.4 Examination Sequence—Perform magnetic particle examination after all operations which might cause or reveal discontinui-
ties. Such operations include, but are not limited to, forging, heat treating, electroplating, forming, welding, grinding, straightening,
machining, and proof loading.
5.4.1 Perform magnetic particle examination prior to shot peening (to provide a beneficial compressive layer) and prior to applying
protective finishes such as priming, painting, plating (see 5.4.3 through 5.4.3.5), or other coatings.
5.4.2 In-process examinations may not be substituted for final examination.
5.4.3 Plating and Coatings—Examine parts which will receive either a plating or coating as follows:
5.4.3.1 Examination is required prior to all non-electroplated coatings.
5.4.3.2 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness of 0.0008 in. [0.02 mm] or less shall be examined either before or after
electroplating, or grinding, or both.
E1444/E1444M − 22a
5.4.3.3 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness of between 0.0008 in. [0.02 mm] and 0.0050 in. [0.13 mm] shall be
examined both before and after electroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.
(1) Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness of 0.0050 in. [0.13 mm] or greater shall be examined before
electroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.
(2) Magnetic particle examination after electroplating is not required for steels with a tensile strength less than or equal to 160
ksi.
5.4.3.4 Use caution when examining parts with an electroplated nickel coating as indications may form from the resulting leakage
fields within the nickel plating itself.
5.4.3.5 For in-service examination, plating or coatings do not require removal prior to examination unless they are damaged, or
they interfere with the examination process.
5.5 Materials:
5.5.1 Wet Particle Requirements—Wet particles shall meet the requirements of AMS 3044, 3045, or 3046, as applicable.
5.5.2 Suspension Vehicles—The suspension vehicle for the wet method shall be a light petroleum distillate conforming to
AMS 2641 (Type I) or A-A-59230, or a suitably conditioned water that conforms to the requirements of 5.5.3. When approved by
the contracting agency, AMS 2641 (Type II) may be used. When specified, the oil suspension vehicle shall meet the salient
characteristics specified in A-A-59230.
5.5.3 Conditioned Water Vehicle—When water is used as a suspension vehicle for magnetic particles, the conditioning agents used
shall comply with AS 4792. Proper wetting shall be determined by a water break test (see 7.2.2). Smoother surfaces generally
require a greater percent of wetting agent than rough surfaces. Foaming of the bath must be minimized to the point that it does
not interfere with the examination process.
5.5.3.1 Water Vehicle Conditioning Agents—Any agents added to the water vehicle for any purpose shall conform to the
requirements of the particle manufacturer.
5.5.4 Particle Concentration—The concentration of particles in the suspension bath shall be as specified in the written procedure.
Particle concentrations outside of the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mL in a 100 mL bath sample for fluorescent particles shall not be used.
5.6 Safety—The safe handling of magnetic particles and oil vehicles, water baths, and water conditioner concentrates is governed
by the suppliers’ Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Material Safety Data Sheets, conforming to 29 CFR 1910.1200, or
equivalent, must be provided by the supplier to any user and shall be prepared in accordance with FED-STD-313.
5.6.1 Flammability—Flash point of oil vehicles shall be in accordance with AMS 2641, Type I carriers. The suppliers’ MSDS shall
certify the flash point.
5.6.2 Personnel Hazards—Precautions against inhalation, skin contact, and eye exposure are detailed in the suppliers’ MSDS.
These precautions shall be observed.
5.6.3 Electrical Hazards—Magnetizing equipment shall be maintained properly to prevent personnel hazards from electrical short
circuits. Care must be taken to reduce arcing and the possible ignition of oil baths.
5.6.4 UV-A Lamps—Replace cracked or broken ultraviolet filters immediately. Broken filters can allow harmful ultraviolet energy
to be emitted and must be replaced immediately. Spectacles designed to absorb ultraviolet energy are suggested for close,
high-intensity UV-A examination. LED UV-A lamps used for evaluation purposes shall comply with Practice E3022. See 7.3.2.
6. Specific Practice
6.1 Preparation of Parts for Testing:
6.1.1 Pre-examination Demagnetization—The part shall be demagnetized per 6.7.1 before testing if prior operations have
produced a residual magnetic field that may interfere with the examination.
E1444/E1444M − 22a
6.1.2 Surface Cleanliness and Finish—The surface of the part to be examined shall be essentially smooth, clean, dry, and free of
oil, scale, machining marks, or other contaminants or conditions that might interfere with the efficiency of the examination.
6.1.3 Plugging and Masking—Plugging and masking are required when specified by the cognizant engineering organization.
6.1.4 All areas on the part where electrical contact is made shall be sufficiently clean to prevent electrical arcing.
6.1.5 Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness—The examination of aircraft-quality steel for cleanliness using magnetic particle testing
shall be as appropriate to the type of steel being inspected. However, testing of parts fabricated from this material shall be in
accordance with the requirements of this practice.
6.2 Magnetization Methods:
6.2.1 Types of Magnetizing Current—The types of currents used for magnetic particle testing are full-wave rectified current (1 or
3 phase), half-wave rectified current, and alternating current. The equipment used shall fulfill the magnetizing and demagnetizing
requirements adequately, as outlined herein, without damage to the part under examination, and it shall include the necessary
features required for safe operation.
6.2.2 Yokes—When using yokes (electromagnetic probes) for magnetic particle testing, they shall meet the requirements of 7.4.4.
6.2.3 Magnetizing Current Application—Alternating current is to be only used for the detection of discontinuities open to the
surface. Full-wave direct current has the deepest possible penetration and must be used for examination of sub-surface
discontinuities when using the wet magnetic particle method. Half-wave direct current can also be used for examination of
sub-surface discontinuities, and due to the pulsating nature of the waveform, it has the advantage of increased particle mobility.
6.2.4 Magnetic Field Directions—Discontinuities are difficult to detect by the magnetic particle method when they make an angle
less than 45° to the direction of magnetization. To ensure the detection of discontinuities in any direction, each part must be
magnetized in a minimum of two directions at approximately right angles to each other. Depending on part geometry, this may
consist of circular magnetization in two or more directions, multiple circular and longitudinal magnetization, or of longitudinal
magnetization in two or more directions.
NOTE 2—For further guidance, see Guide E709.
6.2.5 Multidirectional Magnetization—Multidirectional magnetization may be used to fulfill the requirement for magnetization in
two or more directions if it is demonstrated that it is effective in all areas, which require examination as practical. Test parts in
accordance with 6.3.1.1 or shims manufactured to the requirements of AS 5371, or as otherwise approved by the cognizant
engineering organization, shall be used to verify field direction, strength, and balance in multidirectional magnetization. Balancing
of the combined magnetic field is critical and an adequate balance must be visually demonstrated to be effective in all areas which
require examination. The particle application must be timed so that the magnetization levels reach full value in all directions while
the particles are mobile on the surface under examination. The residual method shall only be used with the approval of the
cognizant engineering organization.
6.2.6 Direct Magnetization—Direct magnetization is accomplished by passing current directly through the part under examination.
Electrical contact is made to the part using head and tail stock, clamps, or by other means. Caution shall be taken to ensure that
the electrical current is not flowing while contacts are being applied or removed and that excessive heating does not occur in any
area of the part. Unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization, prods or magnetic leechs shall not be used
for the examination of aerospace components or flight hardware.
6.2.7 Indirect Magnetization—Indirect part magnetization uses pre-formed coils, cable wraps, yokes, field (flux) flow fixtures, or
a central conductor to induce a magnetic field in a part when no direct electrical contact is made.
6.2.7.1 Offset Internal Conductor Circular Magnetization—The circular field from an offset internal conductor is illustrated in Fig.
1. The extent of the field is dependent upon the fill factor of the bar or pipe used and the amperage applied. The effective radial
field coverage of the magnetizing shot shall be verified per paragraph 6.3.1. Examination shall be performed on all relevant
surfaces prior to rotation of the hollow part on the conductor to provide full radial coverage.
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FIG. 1 The Effective Region of Examination When Using an Offset Internal Conductor is Approximately Equal to Four Times the Diam-
eter of the Conductor as Indicated
6.2.8 Induced Current Magnetization—Induced current magnetization (toroidal or circumferential field) is accomplished by
inductively coupling a part to an electrical coil in order to create a suitable current flow within the part as illustrated in Fig. 2. This
method is often advantageous on ring-shaped parts with a central aperture and with an L/D ratio less than three, especially where
the elimination of arcing or burning is of vital importance.
6.2.9 Parallel Current Induced Magnetization—This method of magnetization may occur when a ferromagnetic part is placed
alongside and parallel to a current-carrying conductor. A magnetic field will be induced in the part that is more transverse than
circular. This type of magnetization shall not be used for magnetic particle testing unless approved by the cognizant engineering
organization.
6.2.10 Magnetization of Aerospace Lifting Hardware—The use of permanent magnets, electromagnetic yokes, or coil wraps on
aerospace lifting hardware must be approved by the cognizant engineering organization.
6.3 Magnetic Field Strength:
NOTE 1—Only a changing magnetic field will generate a resulting eddy current in the ring-shaped part, such as when the magnetic field in the
magnetizing coil suddenly collapses, or when using a moving waveform such as AC; no eddy current is produced in the part by a non-moving waveform.
The resultant toroidal shaped magnetic field may be used to detect circumferential discontinuities in the part.
FIG. 2 Example of Induced Current Magnetization
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6.3.1 Magnetic Field Strength—The applied magnetic field shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory indications, but
it must not be so strong that it causes the masking of relevant indications by nonrelevant accumulations of magnetic particles.
Adequate magnetic field strength may be determined by one or a combination of the following methods:
6.3.1.1 In unidirectional, or multidirectional magnetizing applications, by examining parts having known or artificial disconti-
nuities of the type, size, and location specified in the acceptance requirements or by using the notched shims as defined in Annex
A1;
6.3.1.2 In unidirectional magnetizing applications only, by using a Hall-Effect probe gaussmeter capable of measuring the peak
values of the tangential field as described in Annex A4. Tangential-field strengths shall have a minimum value of 30 Gauss (30
-4
× 10 Tesla [T]) when measured at the part surface using a transverse Hall-Effect probe gaussmeter as described in Annex A4.
The maximum Gauss value derived is limited by the restrictions of 6.3.1. See Guide E709 for additional guidance.
6.3.2 Longitudinal Magnetization Using Coils—Longitudinal magnetization is often accomplished by passing current through a
coil encircling the part, or section of the part, to be examined (that is, by using a coil shot). This produces a magnetic field parallel
to the axis of the coil. The actual effective distance must be demonstrated based on the particular part to be examined. For parts
longer than these effective distances, the entire length shall be examined by repositioning the part within the coil, allowing for
approximately 10 % effective magnetic field overlap. See 6.3.1 for field strength methods that can be used in coil magnetization.
6.3.3 Magnetizing Current Shots—In a series of magnetizing shots, unless there is an interim demagnetization operation, the
amperage value shall proceed from a lower to a higher selection.
6.3.4 Coil Shots—The value of the coil shot expressed in ampere-turns (AT) is considered to be the current multiplied by the
number of coil turns.
6.3.5 The specimen under test shall have a minimum L/D ratio of 2 for proper coil magnetization. Pole pieces may be used to meet
this minimum L/D ratio of the specimen. See Guide E709 for additional guidance.
6.4 Particle Application:
6.4.1 Wet Magnetic Particle Application, Continuous Method—Fluorescent particles suspended in a liquid vehicle at the required
concentration shall be applied by gently spraying or flowing the suspension over the area to be examined.
6.4.1.1 Proper sequencing and timing of part magnetization and application of particle suspension are required to obtain the proper
formation and retention of indications. This requires that the stream of suspension be diverted from the part simultaneously with,
or slightly before, energizing the magnetic circuit.
6.4.1.2 The magnetizing current shall be applied for a duration of at least 0.5 second for each application, with a minimum of two
shots being used. The second shot shall follow the first while the particles are still mobile on the surface of the part.
6.4.1.3 Under special circumstances, such as the use of automated equipment or for critical parts, the 0.5–second duration and the
two-shot requirement may be waived, provided it is demonstrated that the procedure can detect known discontinuities in reference
parts.
6.4.1.4 Care shall be exercised to prevent any damage to the part due to overheating or other causes. Weakly held indications on
highly finished parts are readily washed away, and care must be exercised to prevent high-velocity flow over critical surfaces.
Surfaces to be examined shall not be handled or contacted until the examination is complete.
6.4.1.5 Particle application by continuous immersion shall be used only when specifically approved by the cognizant engineering
organization or when it has been documented that it can detect discontinuities or artificial discontinuities in parts under
examination.
6.4.2 Residual Magnetization Method—In the residual magnetization method, the magnetic particles are applied to the part under
examination after the magnetizing force has been discontinued. The residual method is not as sensitive as the continuous method.
It can be useful on materials with high retentivity. It is also useful for the examination of parts or areas of parts, which because
of geometric constraints, cannot be examined with the continuous method. The residual method shall be used only when
specifically approved by the cognizant engineering organization or when it has been documented that it can detect discontinuities
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or artificial discontinuities in parts under examination. The test parts shall have the same material and processing steps, and similar
geometry, to the actual parts being examined.
6.5 Evaluation—Following magnetization, particle application, and before demagnetizing, the parts shall be examined for
indications. The minimum acceptable UV-A intensity is 1000 μW ⁄cm at the surface being examined. All indications will be
identified as relevant or nonrelevant. Relevant indications will be compared to the proper accept/reject criteria and the parts
accepted or rejected accordingly.
6.5.1 Eye Glasses—Personnel shall not wear eye glasses that are photochromic (transition lenses) or that have permanently
darkened lenses. This is not intended to prohibit the use of eyeglasses with lenses treated to absorb ultraviolet light.
6.5.2 Dark Adaptation—Personnel must wait at least 1 min after entering a darkened area for their eyes to adjust to the low-level
lighting before performing fluorescent magnetic particle testing.
6.5.3 Acceptance Requirements—The acceptance requirements applicable to the part or group of parts shall be incorporated as part
of the written procedure either specifically or by reference to other applicable documents containing the necessary information.
When parts are zoned, the acceptance criteria for each zone shall be specified.
6.6 Recording of Indications—When required by the written procedure, the location of all rejectable indications shall be marked
on the part, and permanent records of the location, direction, and frequency of indications may be made by one or more of the
following methods:
6.6.1 Written Description—By recording the location, length, direction, and number of indications in sketch or tabular form.
6.6.2 Photography—By photographing or video recording the indications themselves, the tape, or the strippable film reproduction
and placing the photograph in a tabular form along with information giving its location on the part.
6.7 Post Examination Demagnetization and Cleaning—All parts shall be demagnetized and cleaned after final examination. Apply
corrosion protection as required.
6.7.1 Demagnetization:
6.7.1.1 When using AC demagnetization, the part shall be subjected to a field with a peak value greater than, and in nearly the
same direction as, the field used during examination. This AC field is then decreased gradually to zero. When using an AC
demagnetizing coil, the part is passed through the coil while the current is flowing. For effective demagnetization, parts having
complex configurations may require rotating or tumbling while passing through the field of the coil prior to the current being shut
off. Repeat this process as necessary.
6.7.1.2 When using DC demagnetization, the initial field shall be higher than, and in nearly the same direction as, the field reached
during examination. The field shall then be reversed, decreased in magnitude, and the process repeated (cycled) until an acceptably
low value of residual field is reached.
6.7.1.3 Whenever possible, parts that have been magnetized circularly shall be magnetized in the longitudinal direction before
being demagnetized. After demagnetization, a calibrated field indicator shall not detect magnetic flux fields with an absolute value
-4
above 3 G (3 × 10 T) anywhere on the part.
6.7.2 Post-examination Cleaning—Cleaning shall be done with a suitable solvent, air blower, or by other means.
6.7.2.1 Parts shall be examined to ensure that the cleaning procedure has removed magnetic particle residues from holes, crevices,
passage ways, etc. Such residue could have an adverse effect on the intended use of the part.
6.7.2.2 Care shall be taken to remove all plugs, masking, or other processing aids that may affect the intended use of the part.
6.7.2.3 Parts shall be protected from corrosion or damage as required.
6.8 Record of Examination—Results of all final magnetic particle examinations shall be recorded. All recorded results shall be
identified, filed, and made available to the cognizant engineering organization upon request. Records shall provide for traceability
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to the specific part or lot inspected. As a minimum, the records shall include: identification of the procedure used, disposition of
the examination; identification of the inspector’s examination stamp, electronic ID, or signature; and the date of examination.
Records shall be kept for a minimum of three years or as otherwise specified in the purchase order or contract.
6.9 Marking of Accepted Parts—If specified by the cognizant engineering organization, parts that have been accepted using
magnetic particle examination shall be marked in accordance with the applicable drawing, purchase order, contract, or as specified
herein prior to leaving the testing facility.
6.9.1 Marking shall be applied in such a manner and location as to be harmless to the part. The identification shall not be
obliterated or smeared by subsequent handling and, when practicable, placed in a location that will be visible after assembly.
6.9.1.1 When subsequent processing would remove the identification, the applicable marking shall be affixed to the record
accompanying the finished parts or assembly.
6.9.1.2 Bolts and nuts and other fastener products may be identified as having met the requirements of magnetic particle testing
by marking each package conspicuously.
6.9.2 Impression Stamping, Ink Stamping, Laser Marking, Dyeing, Vibro Engraving, or Etching—Impression stamping, ink
stamping, laser marking, dyeing, vibro engraving, or etching may be used when permitted or required by the applicable written
procedure, detail specification or drawing, or when the nature of the part is such as to provide for impression stamping of part
numbers or other examination personnel markings. Impression stamping shall be located only in the area provided adjacent to the
part number or examination personnel’s stamp.
6.9.3 Other Identification—Other means of identification, such as tagging, may be used for parts that have a configuration or
function precluding the use of stamping, vibro engraving, or etching, as in the case of completely ground or polished balls, rollers,
pins, or bushings.
6.10 Identifying Symbols and Color Markings:
6.10.1 One-Hundred Percent Examination—When items are examined and accepted by 100 % examination, each item shall be
marked as follows:
6.10.1.1 Dyeing—When dyeing is applicable, a dye of acceptable adherence which is predominantly blue (in accordance with SAE
AMS-STD-595) shall be employed. However, if a color conflict is incurred with any other method, magnetic particle examination
may be indicated by two adjacent blue dots or other suitable means.
6.10.1.2 Stamping, Laser Marking, Vibro Engraving, or Etching—When impression stamping or ink stamping, laser marking,
vibro engraving, or etching is used to mark 100 % examined parts, the letter “M” with a circle around it shall be employed.
6.10.2 Marking Accepted Lots—When items are accepted by means of a sampling procedure, each item of an accepted lot shall
be marked as follows:
6.10.2.1 Dyeing—When dyeing is applicable, a dye of acceptable adherence that is predominantly orange (in accordance with SAE
AMS-STD-595) shall be employed.
6.10.2.2 Stamping, Laser Marking, Vibro Engraving, or Etching—When impression stamping, vibro engraving, or etching is used
to mark lot examined parts, the letter “M”, without a circle around it, shall be employed.
7. Quality Control
7.1 System Performance Verification—The overall performance of the magnetic particle testing system, including the equipment,
materials, and the lighting environment being used, shall be verified initially and at regular intervals thereafter. The required
verification intervals are stated in Table 1. Records of the verification results shall be maintained and retained for the time period
specified in the contract. Establish a system in accordance with ANSI/NCSL Z540.3, or ISO 10012, or ISO/IEC 17025 for
calibration and certification of all current and voltage measuring devices, ammeter shunts, timers, illuminance photometers,
radiometers, gaussmeters, and field indicators used in verification.
7.1.1 Use of Test Parts with Discontinuities—A reliable method for system performance verification is the use of representative
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reference parts containing discontinuities of the type, location, and size specified in the acceptance requirements and examined in
accordance with a written procedure. If correct magnetic particle indications can be produced and identified in these representative
parts, the overall system performance is verified. Parts used for verification will be demagnetized, cleaned thoroughly following
the examination, and checked under UV-A or visible light, as appropriate to the examination process, to ensure that residual
indications do not remain.
7.1.2 Fabricated Test Parts with Artificial Discontinuities—When actual production parts with known discontinuities of the type,
location, and size needed for verification are not available or are impractical, fabricated test or production parts with artificial
discontinuities or a ring specimen similar to the ring in Annex A3 may be used. Artificial discontinuities may be fabricated to meet
a particular need or may be commercially available magnetic field indicators or shims as shown in Annex A2. All applicable
conditions for the use of such reference parts, as described in 7.1.1, shall apply.
7.2 Suspension Vehicle Tests (Not required for aerosol can suspensions):
7.2.1 Concentration/Contamination Tests—Particle concentration and contamination shall be determined upon start up, at regular
intervals thereafter, and whenever the bath is changed or adjusted. The required testing intervals are stated in Table 1.
7.2.1.1 Determination of Wet Particle Concentration—Agitate the particle suspension a minimum of 30 min to ensure uniform
distribution of particles throughout the bath. Place a 100 mL sample of the agitated suspension in a pear-shaped centrifuge tube
with a graduated stem in 0.05 mL increments for fluorescent baths. (Centrifuge tubes shall be as specified in Guide E709.)
Demagnetize the sample and allow the tube to stand undisturbed for a settling time of at least 60 min if using petroleum distillate
or at least 30 min for conditioned water suspension. Read the volume of settled particles. If the concentration is out of the tolerance
stated in the written procedure add particles or suspension vehicle, as required, and re-determine the particle concentration. If the
settled particles appear to be loose agglomerates rather than a solid layer, repeat the process with a second sample. If the second
sample also appears agglomerated, replace the entire bath suspension. Thirty-minute settling times (for oil suspensions), or other
accelerated tests, may be used if they have been verified to give results equivalent to the procedure described in this clause.
7.2.1.2 Determination of Wet Particle Contamination—Perform the tests specified in 7.2.1.1. Independently examine the graduated
portion of the tube, under both UV-A and visible light, for striations or bands which are different in color or appearance. Bands
or striations may indicate contamination. If the total volume of the contaminants, including bands or striations, exceeds 30 % of
the total settled volume of magnetic particles and the contaminants, the bath must be adjusted or replaced. Clouding or fluorescence
of the vehicle to the extent that the markings on the centrifuge tube, which are between 5 ml and 25 ml, cannot be seen when
viewed through the vehicle indicate the bath must be replaced before further use.
7.2.2 Water Break Test—In this test of water-based vehicles, a clean part with a surface finish the same as the parts to be examined
or an actual production part is flooded with the conditioned water, and the appearance of the surface is noted after flooding is
stopped. Sufficient wetting agent is present if a continuous even film forms over the entire part. If the film of suspension breaks,
exposing bare surface, insufficient wetting agent is present, or the part has not been cleaned adequately. For adequacy, this visual
observation shall be performed individually under both visible light and UV-A conditions as applicable.
7.2.3 Determination of Particle Sensitivity—For guidance using particle performance evaluation devices, see Guide E709 or
Practice E3024/E3024M.
7.3 Lighting:
7.3.1 Visible Light—Conduct visible light intensity measurements upon initial light installation, or when changes occur that would
cause the light intensity to change and at the intervals specified in Table 1.
7.3.1.1 Visible light may be used in assisting with interpretation of indications found with fluorescent magnetic particles. A
minimum light intensity of 100 fc [1076 lx] shall be available at the surface of the part undergoing examination or evaluation.
7.3.1.2 Ambient Visible Light—Fluorescent magnetic particle examinations shall be performed in a darkened area with a maximum
ambient visible light level of 2 fc [21.5 lx] measured at the part surface.
NOTE 3—Neither the visible light emission from the UV-A lamp, or the fluorescent response of the particles are to be included in the ambient light
measurement.
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7.3.2 UV-A Lamps—Portable, hand-held, permanently mounted or fixed UV-A lamps used to inspect parts shall be checked for
intensity as specified in Table 1 and as defined by the Written Procedure (see 5.3). A longer period may be used if a plan justifying
this extension is prepared by the NDT facility and approved by the cognizant engineering organization. The minimum acceptable
intensity is 1000 μW ⁄cm at 15 in. [38.1 cm] from the front of the lamp filter to the top face of the sensor, which is generally the
top of the filter stack. UV-A lamps shall be checked at the interval specified in Table 1 for cleanliness and integrity and shall be
cleaned, repaired, or replaced as appropriate. Replace cracked or broken ultraviolet filters immediately. UV-A lamps used for
evaluation purposes that have any non-functional LED elements shall be removed from service. Repaired units shall be recertified
to Practice E3022. LED UV-A sources used to inspect parts shall be checked daily to ensure all diode elements are operational.
If any diode element is not operational, the condition shall be corrected, or the unit replaced. The operational check may be
performed by placing a white sheet of paper over the lamp filter to view the transmitted light from each diode. These checks of
cleanliness/integrity/LED functionality need not be recorded. UV-A LED lamps used to inspect parts shall comply with t
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