ASTM C914-09(2022)

Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax Immersion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method may be used to quickly determine volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, provided it has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus it may be used on unfired or fired, strong or friable shapes.  
2.2 Since the test may be performed quickly, it has found application as manufacturing in-process control as well as in characterizing finished refractory products. Also it may be used to examine specimens after other test or service exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for determining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test is applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or unburned, independent of composition or forming method, including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex shapes after forming, since results may be obtained in a matter of minutes.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The balance used in this standard is only available in SI units (Sections 3 – 6).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2022
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.03 - Physical Properties

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C914 − 09 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax
1
Immersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope characterizing finished refractory products.Also it may be used
to examine specimens after other test or service exposure.
1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for deter-
mining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test
3. Apparatus
is applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or
3.1 Paraffın Wax, fully refined, that has a known constant
unburned, independent of composition or forming method,
density, K, that does not change after repeated melting and
including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly
cooling cycles.
suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex
shapes after forming, since results may be obtained in a matter
NOTE 1—The paraffin waxes generally used are commercially available
of minutes.
and have density values in the range 54.29 pcf to 56.78 pcf (0.87 to 0.91
3
g/cm ). Also, these waxes melt at approximately 135 °F (57 °C).
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
3.2 Wax Melting Container, used to melt the wax but should
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
not allow the wax to overheat.Acontainer heated by hot water,
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
preferably thermostatically controlled, is satisfactory. The wax
information only and are not considered standard.
should be heated to only slightly above the melting point to
1.2.1 Exception—The balance used in this standard is only
avoid flashing of the wax vapors and to permit quickly forming
available in SI units (Sections3–6).
a uniform surface coating of wax.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the NOTE 2—Caution: Vapors given off by molten wax ignite spontane-
ously at above 400 °F (205 °C) and should not be allowed to come in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
contact with the heating element or open flame.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.3 Balance, capable of determining the weights of the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimens to four significant figures. Thus, specimens weigh-
For a specific hazard statement, see Note 2.
ing from 100 to 999 g should be weighed to one decimal place,
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
thosefrom10to99gshouldbeweighedtotwodecimalplaces,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
and so forth.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Sampling
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 At least five representative specimens should be chosen
of the refractory to be characterized. These may be whole
2. Significance and Use
shapes or broken pieces, depending on the purpose of the test.
2.1 This test method may be used to quickly determine
5. Procedure
volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, provided
it has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus it
5.1 Preparation of Specimens—The test specimens shall be
may be used on unfired or fired, strong or friable shapes.
dried to a constant weight by heating to 220 to 230 °F (105 to
110 °C) to remove entrapped moisture, which would affect the
2.2 Since the test may be performed quickly, it has found
bulk density determination. This drying process may be omit-
application as manufacturing in-process control as well as in
ted when specimens are known to be dry or when it is desired
to make density determinations on moisture-containing
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
specimens, such as brick shapes, immediately after forming.
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
Properties. 5.2 Initial Weight, W—Determine the initial weight, W,of
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
each test specimen in grams to four significant figures.
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C914 – 09 (2015).
DOI: 10.1520/C0914-09R22. 5.3 Coating the Test Specimen:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C914 − 09 (Reapproved 2015) C914 − 09 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax
1
Immersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for determining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test is
applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or unburned, independent of composition or forming method, including
materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex shapes after
forming, since results may be obtained in a matter of minutes.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The balance used in this standard is only available in SI units (Sections 3 – 6).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 2.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 This test method may be used to quickly determine volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, provided it has
sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus it may be used on unfired or fired, strong or friable shapes.
2.2 Since the test may be performed quickly, it has found application as manufacturing in-process control as well as in
characterizing finished refractory products. Also it may be used to examine specimens after other test or service exposure.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Paraffın Wax, fully refined, that has a known constant density, K, that does not change after repeated melting and cooling
cycles.
3
NOTE 1—The paraffin waxes generally used are commercially available and have density values in the range 54.29 pcf to 56.78 pcf (0.87 to 0.91 g/cm ).
Also, these waxes melt at approximately 135°F (57°C). 135 °F (57 °C).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2022. Published May 2015February 2022. Originally approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
C914 – 09.C914 – 09 (2015). DOI: 10.1520/C0914-09R15.10.1520/C0914-09R22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C914 − 09 (2022)
3.2 Wax-Melting Wax Melting Container, used to melt the wax but should not allow the wax to overheat. A container heated by
hot water, preferably thermostatically controlled, is satisfactory. The wax should be heated to only slightly above the melting point
to avoid flashing of the wax vapors and to permit quickly forming a uniform surface coating of wax.
NOTE 2—Caution: Vapors given off by molten wax ignite spontaneously at above 400°F (205°C)400 °F (205 °C) and should not be allowed to come in
contact with the heating element or open flame.
3.3 Balance, capable of determining the weights of the specimens to four significant figures. Thus, specimens weighing from 100
to 999 g should be weighed to one decimal place, those from 10 to 99 g should be weighed to two decimal places, and so forth.
4. Sampling
4.1 At least five representative specimens should be chosen of the refractory to be characterized. These may be whole shapes or
broken pieces, depending on the purpose of the test.
5. Procedure
5.1 Preparation of Specimens—The test specimens shall be dried to a constant weight by heating to 220 to 230°F230 °F
...