ASTM G211-14(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conducting Elevated Temperature Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
Standard Test Method for Conducting Elevated Temperature Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of materials will depend on many factors concerning the conditions of service applications. The users of this test method should determine the degree of correlation of the results obtained with those from field performance or results using other test systems and methods. This test method may be used to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified conditions of testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is concerned with the determination of material loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement erosion with jet nozzle type erosion equipment. This test method can be used in the laboratory to measure the solid particle erosion of different materials and has been used as a screening test for ranking solid particle erosion rates of materials in simulated service environments. Erosion service takes place under conditions where particle sizes, chemistry, microstructure, velocity, attack angles, temperature, environments, etc., vary over a wide range. Hence, any single laboratory test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected service performance. This test method describes one well characterized procedure for solid particle impingement erosion measurement for which interlaboratory test results are available from multiple laboratories.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G211 − 14 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Elevated Temperature Erosion Tests by Solid
Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method is concerned with the determination of
B822Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal
material loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement
Powders and Related Compounds by Light Scattering
erosion with jet nozzle type erosion equipment. This test
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
method can be used in the laboratory to measure the solid
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
particle erosion of different materials and has been used as a
Lot or Process
screening test for ranking solid particle erosion rates of
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
materials in simulated service environments. Erosion service
ASTM Test Methods
takes place under conditions where particle sizes, chemistry,
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
microstructure, velocity, attack angles, temperature,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
environments, etc., vary over a wide range. Hence, any single
E1601Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
laboratory test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected
Evaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method
service performance. This test method describes one well
E1617Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characterization
characterizedprocedureforsolidparticleimpingementerosion
Data
measurement for which interlaboratory test results are avail-
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
able from multiple laboratories.
G76Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3
2.2 American National Standard:
standard.
ANSI B74.10Grading of Abrasive Microgrits
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.3 Japanese Industrial Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
JIS 6001Bonded Abrasive Grain Sizes
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.1 erosion—progressive loss of original material from a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
surfaceandafluid,amulticomponentfluid,orimpingingliquid
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
or solid particles.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by the ASTM website.
Solids and Liquids. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published November 2020. Originally 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as G211–14. DOI: AvailablefromJapaneseStandardsAssociation(JSA),MitaMTBldg.,3-13-12
10.1520/G0211-14R20. Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan, http://www.jsa.or.jp.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G211 − 14 (2020)
3.1.2 impingement—a process resulting in a continuing obtained with those from field performance or results using
succession of impacts between (liquid or solid) particles and a other test systems and methods. This test method may be used
solid surface. to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified
conditions of testing.
3.1.3 interlaboratory study (ILS)—study undertaken to as-
certainifatestmethodissuitableforitsintendeduse.TheILS
6. Apparatus
includes preparation, testing, and evaluation phases.
6.1 The apparatus is capable of eroding material from a test
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
specimen under well controlled exposure conditions. A sche-
3.2.1 mass loss erosion rate—the mass loss of specimen
matic drawing of the exit nozzle and the particle-gas supply
material divided by the total mass of erodent particles that
system is shown in Fig. 1. Deviations from this design are
impacted the specimen (milligrams of specimen material loss /
permitted; however, adequate system characterization and
gram of erodent impacting the specimen).
control of critical parameters are required. Nozzle design and
dimensions must be documented. Nozzle length to diameter
4. Summary of Test Method
ratioshouldbe25:1orgreaterinordertoachieveanacceptable
4.1 This test method utilizes a repeated impact erosion
particle velocity distribution in the stream.
approach involving a small nozzle delivering a stream of gas
6.2 Necessary features of the apparatus shall include a
containingerodentparticleswhichimpactsthesurfaceofatest
means of controlling, measuring, and adjusting the (a) particle
specimen at elevated temperatures. A standard set of test
impactvelocity,(b)particlefeedrate,(c)thespecimenstandoff
conditions is described. However, deviations from some of the
distance, (d) angular orientation of sample relative to the
standardconditionsarepermittedifdescribedthoroughly.This
impinging stream, and (e) gas stream and test specimen
allows for laboratory scale erosion measurements under a
temperature.
range of conditions. Test methods are described for preparing
the specimens, conducting the erosion exposure, and reporting
6.3 Various means can be provided for introducing particles
the results.
into the gas stream, including a vibrator-controlled hopper or a
screw-feed system. It is required that the system provide a
5. Significance and Use
uniform particle feed and that it be adjustable to accommodate
5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall desired particle flow values. The total amount of erodent
measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of impinging the specimen is to be recorded. Depending on the
materials will depend on many factors concerning the condi- feed system, the feeding rate may be determined by different
tions of service applications. The users of this test method methods. If a tank reservoir is used, the tank weight may be
should determine the degree of correlation of the results measured by weighting both before and after the single test or
NOTE 1—The erosion rig orientation may vary and does not affect the test results.
FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Solid Particle Erosion Test System
G211 − 14 (2020)
agiventimeduration.Also,theapplieddosemaybecalculated 8.2 Test Procedure:
by measuring the time duration. Verification and qualification
8.2.1 The inside diameter of the erodent delivery nozzle
of constant feed rate should be established by initial trials.
shall be a minimum of 4 mm. Measure the nozzle inside
diameteratorwithin1mmfromtheexitendtoanaccuracyof
6.4 A method to measure the particle velocity shall be
0.05mm before the start of the tests and record the measure-
availableforusewiththeerosionequipment.Themasserosion
ments. Measure and record the diameter after completing tests
rate is highly dependent on particle velocity as shown in the
on a single specimen, that is, after five runs on the same test
power law equation (Eq 1).
coupon. Calibrated pins, optical methods, or direct measure-
6.4.1 The relationship of erosion rate (E) and impact veloc-
ments using precision calipers may be employed for such
ity (v) can often be described by an equation of the form:
measurements.
m
E 5kv (1)
8.2.2 The test gas shall be nominally dry air with a dew
where k is a constant and m is the velocity exponent which
is approximately equal to two (parabolic behavior). If E is
point of –50°C or lower. Record the amount of water present
measured from experiments, v may be calculated from equa-
in the test gas in the test report.
tions provided in Figs. X3.1-X3.3 to cross-check the mea-
8.2.3 Prepare the specimen surface if required to achieve
sured velocities in the experiments.
uniformity and adequate finish. Grinding through a series of
6.5 Examples of accepted methods to measure the particle
abrasive papers to 400 grit is usually adequate so long as all
velocity are high-speed photography, double rotating disk surface scale is removed. Clean the specimen surface carefully
(DRD), laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), and particle image
with a non-corrosive cleaning agent such as ethanol, acetone,
velocimetry (PIV). Particle velocity shall be measured at the
etc., and air dry. Important considerations in cleaning include
location to be occupied by the specimen and under the
surface oils or greases, surface rust or corrosion, adhering
conditions of the test. Examples of the double rotating disc are
abrasive particles, etc. A surface roughness of <0.2 µm Ra or
described in Appendix X1.
better is recommended. Weigh on an analytical balance to an
accuracy of 60.1 mg (60.0001 g).
7. Test Materials and Sampling
8.2.4 For the reference tests, use Type 410 Stainless Steel
7.1 This test method can be used over a range of specimen conforming to the characteristics shown in Tables 2 and 3 and
sizes and configurations. One convenient specimen configura-
Fig. 2. The specimen dimensions are 75mm by 25mm by 4.5
tion is a rectangular strip approximately 25mm by 75mm by mm. Other dimensions may be used; record dimensions to an
3mm thick. Larger specimens and other shapes can be used
accuracyof 60.5mm.Thethicknessofthespecimenshouldbe
where necessary, but must be documented. It is critical that all large enough that bending of the specimen should not occur
of the particles impinge the test specimen. Overspray outside
due to residual stress effects, after the erosion tests.
of the test specimens is not permitted.
8.2.5 The erodent particles used shall be nominal 50-µm
angular Al O , conforming to the JIS 6001 320 microgrit
7.2 For the reference tests Type 410 stainless steel as
2 3
described in 8.2.4 shall be used with the alumina erodent standardandequivalenttothoseusedintheinterlaboratorytest
series (see Figs. 3 and 4). Record the particle size distribution
specified. Other erodent materials, if used after the reference
testingiscomplete,shallbeuniforminessentialcharacteristics asshowninthenotebelow(Note1).Theerodentshallbeused
only once.
such as particle size, moisture, chemical composition,
hardness, the friability of the erodent, reactivity with carrier
NOTE 1—Typical size distribution D10 – 34 µm, D50 – 50 µm, D90 –
gas and test material, modulus of the erodent at temperature of
75 µm (see Fig. 4).
test, etc. Erodent particle size distribution (PSD) and particle
8.2.6 Fix the angle between the nozzle axis and the speci-
morphology shall be documented for each new powder lot
mensurfaceat90 62°and30 62°.Otheranglesmaybeused
used.Lightscatteringpowdersizedeterminationmethodshave
if needed with the same set-up accuracy.
beendemonstratedtobeaneffectivewaytodocumentthePSD
-1
of each erodent batch. Reporting the PSD as D10, D50, and
8.2.7 The particle feed rate shall be 2.0g·min 6 0.5
-1
D90 diameters has been found useful. Practices B822 and g·min . Adjust the controls to deliver this feed rate (Note 2).
E1617 should be consulted.
NOTE 2—Particles may be collected by directing the flow from the
7.3 Sampling of material for the purpose of obtaining
nozzle into a large vented container. Care must be taken to avoid causing
representative test specimens shall be done in accordance with any significant back pressure on the nozzle as this will disturb the system
flow conditions.
acceptablestatisticalpractice.PracticeE122shallbeconsulted.
8.2.8 For the room temperature (RT) tests the normal
8. Test Condition and Test Procedure
ambient value (typically between 18°C to 28°C) and for the
8.1 Test Conditions: high-temperature (HT) tests it shall be 600°C 6 5°C. For the
8.1.1 The following conditions summarized in Table 1 are initial calibration of the apparatus, measure the test specimen
recommendedwhichwereusedduringtheILSstudy.Notethat temperature using a thermocouple in contact with the speci-
each high-temperature erosion rig used in this study is unique men. Adjust the heating controls to achieve the desired
in design and operational variables. Each one of the employed temperature. Perform this temperature calibration before and
different nozzle diameters, sample stand-off distance, particle after a series of tests. Record the temperatures on the test data
feed mechanism, velocity measurement method, etc. record sheet. Note any deviations during the test in the
G211 − 14 (2020)
TABLE 1 Round-Robin Erosion Testing Requirements for the ILS Study
G211 − 14 (2020)
TABLE 2 Characteristics of Type 410 Stainless Steel Reference
including water content pressure, and measurement method;
Material Used in the ILS
and method of determining the mass of erodent used.
Solution Annealed Condition
9.1.5 Description of the test equipment.
-Tensile strength (UTS) as annealed min. 65 000 psi (445 MPa),
9.1.6 Tabulation of erosion rate and standard deviation for
-Yield strength (YS) minimum 30 000 psi (207 MPa), and elongation in 2 in.
each specimen reported as a unit mass loss of material on the
(51 mm) at 20 %
-For solution annealing, slow controlled cooling from 1500/1600 °F (815 ⁄871 °C)
sample per unit mass of erodent (mg/g).
to room temperature
9.1.7 Plot of each erosion series at 20 g intervals versus
ILS Study Coupon Lot Properties: erosion rate for each specimen tested. Other incremental
UTS: 64.5 ksi (444
...
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