ASTM E3045-22

Standard Practice for Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography

SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers procedures required to conduct an examination of components using vibroacoustic thermography.  
1.2 Application—The vibroacoustic thermography process has been used for component inspections in the aircraft, power generation, automotive, and other industries for testing new and serviced components, both coated and uncoated. Current applications are mostly targeting metallic components, but composite and ceramic component applications are under development (1).2  
1.3 Background—Vibroacoustic thermography is an active thermography technique that falls under the category of Infrared Thermography Testing (IRT). The technique was first published by Henneke, et al. in 1979 (2) and has been expanded on and popularized by Favro, et al. (3). During the test, a defect thermal response resulting from a short burst of ultrasonic energy typically in the range of 15 kHz to 40 kHz is detected by an infrared camera. The ultrasound coupled into the component being tested can activate a thermal response in defects with contact areas that can move against each other, that is, cracks and delamination. There are different energizing and coupling techniques that are commonly used depending on the needs and capabilities. These variations and the down selection process are not included in the procedure and should be developed/optimized by experimentation for each new component application.
Note 1: Vibroacoustic thermography is typically sensitive to tight planar defects (4). Volumetric defects such as porosity, inclusions, open ruptures, or cracks in wide-open areas, will not typically result in an indication. Therefore, an augmenting method should be conducted to detect volumetric defects. (See Terminology E1316.)
Note 2: Vibroacoustic thermography is a surface examination but has demonstrated detection sensitivity for subsurface defects including back wall defects for thin components (5), (6). Care should be taken when developing vibroacoustic thermography for the detection of subsurface defects.  
1.4 Warnings:  
1.4.1 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography requires the energization of the test article with vibrational energy. During energization, the complete component may be excited with vibroacoustic (vibration) energy for as long as several seconds. The development of this test for a new application requires special measurements, precautions, and attention to component response. The component design engineer and the NDE engineering specialist knowledgeable of this technique should be satisfied that the test will not cause damage or reduction of service life.  
1.4.2 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography, like any other NDT technology, requires thorough development and testing for each application, including clear definition of the inspection objective, as well as development of objective means to distinguish between rejectable indications and conditions that should not be cause for rejection. Incomplete development and application will result in high incidence of improper rejections and high incidence of defect "misses."  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2022
• ICS: 19.100 - Non-destructive testing
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.10 - Specialized NDT Methods

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3045 − 22
Standard Practice for
1
Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 Warnings:
1.4.1 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography requires the
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers procedures required to
energization of the test article with vibrational energy. During
conduct an examination of components using vibroacoustic
energization, the complete component may be excited with
thermography.
vibroacoustic (vibration) energy for as long as several seconds.
1.2 Application—The vibroacoustic thermography process
The development of this test for a new application requires
has been used for component inspections in the aircraft, power
specialmeasurements,precautions,andattentiontocomponent
generation, automotive, and other industries for testing new
response. The component design engineer and the NDE engi-
and serviced components, both coated and uncoated. Current
neering specialist knowledgeable of this technique should be
applications are mostly targeting metallic components, but
satisfied that the test will not cause damage or reduction of
composite and ceramic component applications are under
service life.
2
development (1).
1.4.2 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography, like any
1.3 Background—Vibroacoustic thermography is an active other NDT technology, requires thorough development and
testing for each application, including clear definition of the
thermography technique that falls under the category of Infra-
red Thermography Testing (IRT). The technique was first inspection objective, as well as development of objective
means to distinguish between rejectable indications and con-
published by Henneke, et al. in 1979 (2) and has been
expanded on and popularized by Favro, et al. (3). During the ditions that should not be cause for rejection. Incomplete
development and application will result in high incidence of
test, a defect thermal response resulting from a short burst of
ultrasonic energy typically in the range of 15 kHz to 40 kHz is improper rejections and high incidence of defect "misses."
detected by an infrared camera. The ultrasound coupled into
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the component being tested can activate a thermal response in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
defects with contact areas that can move against each other,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
that is, cracks and delamination. There are different energizing
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
and coupling techniques that are commonly used depending on
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the needs and capabilities. These variations and the down
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
selection process are not included in the procedure and should
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
be developed/optimized by experimentation for each new
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
component application.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—Vibroacoustic thermography is typically sensitive to tight
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
planar defects (4). Volumetric defects such as porosity, inclusions, open
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ruptures, or cracks in wide-open areas, will not typically result in an
indication. Therefore, an augmenting method should be conducted to
2. Referenced Documents
detect volumetric defects. (See Terminology E1316.)
NOTE 2—Vibroacoustic thermography is a surface examination but has
2.1 ASTM Standards:
demonstrated detection sensitivity for subsurface defects including back
E168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quanti-
wall defects for thin components (5), (6). Care should be taken when
tative Analysis
developing vibroacoustic thermography for the detection of subsurface
E1213 Practice for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Dif-
defects.
ference for Thermal Imaging Systems
E1252 Practice for General Techniques for Obtaining Infra-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
red Spectra for Qualitative Analysis
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on
E1311 Practice for Minimum Detectable Temperature
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3045 − 21 E3045 − 22
Standard Practice for
1
Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers procedures required to conduct an examination of components using vibroacoustic
thermography.
1.2 Application—The vibroacoustic thermography process has been used for component inspections in the aircraft, power
generation, automotive, and other industries for testing new and serviced components, both coated and uncoated. Current
applications are mostly targeting metallic components, but composite and ceramic component applications are under development
2
(1).
1.3 Background—Vibroacoustic thermography is a new technique within the area of active thermography. an active thermography
technique that falls under the category of Infrared Thermography Testing (IRT). The technique was first published by Henneke,
et al. in 1979 (2) and has been expanded on and popularized by Favro, et al. (3). During the test, a defect thermal response resulting
from a short burst of ultrasonic energy typically in the range of 15 kHz to 40 kHz is detected by an infrared camera. The ultrasound
coupled into the component being tested can activate a thermal response in defects with contact areas that can move against each
other, that is, cracks and delamination. There are different energizing and coupling techniques that are commonly used depending
on the needs and capabilities. These variations and the down selection process are not included in the procedure and should be
developed/optimized by experimentation for each new component application.
NOTE 1—Vibroacoustic thermography is typically sensitive to tight planar defects (4). Volumetric defects such as porosity, inclusions, open ruptures, or
cracks in wide-open areas, will not typically result in an indication. Therefore, an augmenting method should be conducted to detect volumetric defects.
(See Terminology E1316.)
NOTE 2—Vibroacoustic thermography is a surface examination but has demonstrated detection sensitivity for subsurface defects including back wall
defects for thin components (5), (6). Care should be taken when developing vibroacoustic thermography for the detection of subsurface defects.
1.4 Warnings:
1.4.1 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography requires the energization of the test article with vibrational energy. During
energization, the complete component may be excited with vibroacoustic (vibration) energy for as long as several seconds. The
development of this test for a new application requires special measurements, precautions, and attention to component response.
The component design engineer and the NDE engineering specialist knowledgeable of this technique should be satisfied that the
test will not cause damage or reduction of service life.
1.4.2 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography, like any other NDT technology, requires thorough development and testing for
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized NDT
Methods.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021July 1, 2022. Published January 2022July 2022. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 20162021 as
E3045 – 16.E3045 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/E3045-21.10.1520/E3045-22.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3045 − 22
each application, including clear definition of the inspection objective, as well as development of objective means to distinguish
between rejectable indications and conditions that should not be cause for rejection. Incomplete development and application will
result in high incidence of improper rejections and high incidence of defect "misses." The images produced by many vibroacoustic
thermography inspections can otherwise lead to inspector fatigue and ineffective evaluations.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
o
...