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ASTM D2501-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of petroleum. It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils having viscosities in excess of 5.5 mm2/s at 40°C (104°F) and in excess of 0.8 mm2/s at 100°C (212°F).
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s.
1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of legacy conversions described in this practice.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2011
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0K - Correlative Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2501-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Replaced By
ASTM D2501-14 - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6074-15(2022) - Standard Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D2140-08(2017) - Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011

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ASTM D2501-11 - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum OilsASTM D2501-11 - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2501 − 11
StandardTest Method for
Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of
1
Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-
2 Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
gravityconstant(VGC)ofpetroleumoils havingviscositiesin
2 D2140Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition
excess of 5.5 mm /s at 40°C (104°F) and in excess of 0.8
2 of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
mm /s at 100°C (212°F).
D4052Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.
3. Summary of Test Method
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Thekinematicviscosityat40°C(104°F)andthedensity
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. at 15°C of the oil are determined. If the oil is extremely
2
viscous, or if it is otherwise inconvenient to determine the
1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm /s.
1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in viscosityat40°C,thekinematicviscosityat100°C(212°F)can
be used. The viscosity-gravity constant is calculated from the
this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type
of legacy conversions described in this practice. measured physical properties using the appropriate equation.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful func-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion for the approximate characterization of the viscous frac-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2
tions of petroleum. It is relatively insensitive to molecular
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in
2. Referenced Documents termsofcertainstructuralelements.ValuesofVGCnear0.800
3
indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like
D287Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
nonhydrocarbons.
ity)
5. Measurement of Physical Properties
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
5.1 Preferably, determine the kinematic viscosity at 40°C as
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
described in Test Method D445. However, if the sample is
D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods.
extremely viscous or if it is otherwise inconvenient to measure
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D2501–91(2005).
the viscosity at 40°C, the viscosity at 100°C may be deter-
DOI: 10.1520/D2501-11.
mined.
2
Coats, H. B., and Hill, J. B., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 20,
1928, p. 641.
5.2 Determine the density at 15°C in accordance with Test
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Method D1298 or Test Method D4052. Equivalent results can
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
be obtained by determining API Gravity at 60°F (15.56°C) in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. D287, and converting the result
accordance with Test Method
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2501 − 11
to density at 15°C by means of Table 3 of the Petroleum density. Those precision statements are found in their respec-
4
Measurement Tables (American Edition). tive test methods. The precision can be calculated as follows:
8.2.1 For viscosity measured at 40°C,
NOTE 1—If it is necessary to convert a result
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2501–91(Reapproved 2005) Designation:D2501–11
Standard Test Method for
Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of
1
Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils*
2
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils having viscosities in
−6 −2 2
excess of 4 cSt.=4310 m /s at 40°C (104°F). having viscosities in excess of 5.5 mm /s at 40°C (104°F) and in excess of 0.8
2
mm /s at 100°C (212°F).
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
2
1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm /s.
1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of
legacy conversions described in this practice.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquidPetroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method
D2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The kinematic viscosity at 40°C (104°F) and the density at 15°C of the oil are determined. If the oil is extremely viscous,
or if it is otherwise inconvenient to determine the viscosity at 40°C, the kinematic viscosity at 100°C (212°F) can be used. The
viscosity-gravity constant is calculated from the measured physical properties using the appropriate equation.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of
2
petroleum. It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain
structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a
preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately
applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons.
5. Measurement of Physical Properties
5.1 Preferably, determine the kinematic viscosity at 40°C as described in Test Method D445. However, if the sample is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.04.0K
on Hydrocarbon Analysis.Correlative Methods.
CurrenteditionapprovedNov.Oct.1,2005.2011.PublishedNovember2005.2011.Originallyapprovedin1966.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin20002005asD2501–91
(2000). D2501–91(2005). DOI: 10.1520/D2501-91R05.10.1520/D2501-11.
2
Coats, H. B., and Hill, J. B., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 20, 1928, p. 641.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2501–11
extremely vi
...

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5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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