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ASTM E220-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the principles, apparatus, and procedure for calibrating thermocouples by comparison with a reference thermometer. Calibrations are covered over temperature ranges appropriate to the individual types of thermocouples within an overall range from approximately 195 to 1700 °C (320 to 3100 F).
1.2 In general, this test method is applicable to unused thermocouples. This test method does not apply to used thermocouples due to their potential material inhomogeneity-the effects of which cannot be identified or quantified by standard calibration techniques. Thermocouples with large-diameter thermoelements and sheathed thermocouples may require special care to control thermal conduction losses.
1.3 In this test method, all values of temperature are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990. See Guide E 1594.
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2007
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E20 - Temperature Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E220-02 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E220-07e1 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2820-13(2019) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Thermal EMF Properties of Base-Metal Thermocouple Connectors
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D113-17 - Standard Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM E139-11(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6200-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve Analysis
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1099-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Carbon-Containing Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM C767-20 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Refractories
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2714-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Creep-Fatigue Testing
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1253-21 - Standard Guide for Reconstitution of Charpy-Sized Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5249-10(2021) - Standard Specification for Backer Material for Use with Cold- and Hot-Applied Joint Sealants in Portland Cement Concrete and Asphalt Joints
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM C202-19 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Brick
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1862-17 - Standard Test Method for the Nominal Joint Strength of End-Plug Joints in Advanced Ceramic Tubes at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1232-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Temperature Limit of Flammability of Chemicals
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1341-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
Effective Date
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ASTM E220-07 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison TechniquesASTM E220-07 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E220–07
Standard Test Method for
1
Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
etry
1.1 Thistestmethoddescribestheprinciples,apparatus,and
E452 Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal
procedure for calibrating thermocouples by comparison with a
Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer
referencethermometer.Calibrationsarecoveredovertempera-
E563 PracticeforPreparationandUseofanIce-PointBath
ture ranges appropriate to the individual types of thermo-
as a Reference Temperature
couples within an overall range from approximately − 195 to
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
1700 °C (−320 to 3100 °F).
mometers
1.2 In general, this test method is applicable to unused
E988 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for
thermocouples. This test method does not apply to used
Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouples
thermocouplesduetotheirpotentialmaterialinhomogeneity—
E1129/E1129M Specification for Thermocouple Connec-
the effects of which cannot be identified or quantified by
tors
standard calibration techniques. Thermocouples with large-
E1594 Guide for Expression of Temperature
diameter thermoelements and sheathed thermocouples may
E1684 Specification for Miniature Thermocouple Connec-
require special care to control thermal conduction losses.
tors
1.3 In this test method, all values of temperature are based
E1751 Guide for Temperature Electromotive Force (EMF)
on the International Temperature Scale of 1990. See Guide
Tables for Non-Letter Designated Thermocouple Combi-
E1594.
nations
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
tions and equipment. This standard does not purport to address
3. Terminology
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
E344 shall apply to this test method.
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3.2.1 check standard, n—a measurement instrument or
2. Referenced Documents standard whose repeated results of measurement are used to
2 determine the repeatability of a calibration process and to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
verifythattheresultsofacalibrationprocessesarestatistically
E1 Specification forASTM Liquid-in-GlassThermometers
consistent with past results.
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
3.2.2 isothermal block, n—a piece of solid material of high
mometers
thermal conductivity used to promote thermal equilibrium
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
between two or more thermometers.
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
3.2.3 reference junction compensation, n—the adjustment
of the indication of a thermocouple such that the adjusted
indication is equivalent to the emf or temperature that the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on
thermocouple would indicate if the reference junctions were
Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.04
maintained at 0 °C.
on Thermocouples.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In most cases, the thermocouple indi-
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E220–02.
cation is adjusted by measuring the temperature of a terminal
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
blockwherethethermocoupleisconnected,andthenaddingto
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
thethermocoupleemfanadditionalemfequaltotheemfofthe
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. thermocouple reference function evaluated at the temperature
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E220–07
of the terminal block. Because the emf-temperature relation- case of large diameter thermoelements and sheathed thermo-
shipofanyactualthermocouplediffersslightlyfromthatofthe couples, special attention must be given to effects of thermal
reference function, reference junction compensation typically conduction.
introduces higher uncertainties compared to the use of a 6.2 Voltage measurement instruments
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:E220–07 Designation:E220–07a
Standard Test Method for
1
Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in July 2007.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the principles, apparatus, and procedure for calibrating thermocouples by comparison with a
reference thermometer. Calibrations are covered over temperature ranges appropriate to the individual types of thermocouples
within an overall range from approximately −195 to 1700 °C (−320 to 3100 °F).
1.2 In general, this test method is applicable to unused thermocouples. This test method does not apply to used thermocouples
due to their potential material inhomogeneity—the effects of which cannot be identified or quantified by standard calibration
techniques. Thermocouples with large-diameter thermoelements and sheathed thermocouples may require special care to control
thermal conduction losses.
1.3 In this test method, all values of temperature are based on the InternationalTemperature Scale of 1990. See Guide E1594.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry
E452 Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer
E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference Temperature
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers
E988 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouples
E1129/E1129M Specification for Thermocouple Connectors
E1594 Guide for Expression of Temperature
E1684 Specification for Miniature Thermocouple Connectors
E1751 Guide for Temperature Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Non-Letter Designated Thermocouple Combinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology E344 shall apply to this test method.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 check standard, n—a measurement instrument or standard whose repeated results of measurement are used to determine
therepeatabilityofacalibrationprocessandtoverifythattheresultsofacalibrationprocessesarestatisticallyconsistentwithpast
results.
3.2.2 isothermal block, n—a piece of solid material of high thermal conductivity used to promote thermal equilibrium between
two or more thermometers.
3.2.3 reference junction compensation, n—theadjustmentoftheindicationofathermocouplesuchthattheadjustedindication
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.04 on
Thermocouples.
e1
CurrenteditionapprovedMayNov.1,2007.PublishedJune2007.January2008.Originallyapprovedin1963.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin20022007asE220–02
.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E220–07a
is equivalent to the emf or temperature that the thermocouple would indicate if the reference junctions were maintained at 0 °C.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In most cases, the thermocouple indication is adjusted by measuring the temperature of a terminal block
where the thermocouple is connected, and then adding to the thermocouple emf an additional emf equal to the emf of the
thermocouple reference function
...

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ASTM E839-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sheathed Thermocouples and Sheathed Thermocouple Cable

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.  
5.2 The usefulness and purpose of the included tests are given for the category of tests.  
5.3 Warning—Users should be aware that certain characteristics of thermocouples might change with time and use. If a thermocouple’s designed shipping, storage, installation, or operating temperature has been exceeded, that thermocouple’s moisture seal may have been compromised and may no longer adequately prevent the deleterious intrusion of water vapor. Consequently, the thermocouple’s condition established by test at the time of manufacture may not apply later. In addition, inhomogeneities can develop in thermoelements because of exposure to higher temperatures, even in cases where maximum exposure temperatures have been lower than the suggested upper use temperature limits specified in Table 1 of Specification E608/E608M. For this reason, calibration of thermocouples destined for delivery to a customer is not recommended. Because the emf indication of any thermocouple depends upon the condition of the thermoelements along their entire length, as well as the temperature profile pattern in the region of any inhomogeneity, the emf output of a used thermocouple will be unique to its installation. Because temperature profiles in calibration equipment are unlikely to duplicate those of the installation, removal of a used thermocouple to a separate apparatus for calibration is not recommended. Instead, in situ calibration by comparison to a similar thermocouple known to be good is often recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.  
1.2 These tests are intended to support quality control and to evaluate the suitability of sheathed thermocouple cable or assemblies for specific applications. Some alternative test methods to obtain the same information are given, since in a given situation, an alternative test method may be more practical. Service conditions are widely variable, so it is unlikely that all the tests described will be appropriate for a given thermocouple application. A brief statement is made following each test description to indicate when it might be used.  
1.3 The tests described herein include test methods to measure the following properties of sheathed thermocouple material and assemblies.  
1.3.1 Insulation Properties:  
1.3.1.1 Compaction—direct method, absorption method, and tension method.
1.3.1.2 Thickness.
1.3.1.3 Resistance—at room temperature and at elevated temperature.  
1.3.2 Sheath Properties:  
1.3.2.1 Integrity—two water test methods and mass spectrometer.
1.3.2.2 Dimensions—length, diameter, and roundness.
1.3.2.3 Wall thickness.
1.3.2.4 Surface—gross visual, finish, defect detection by dye penetrant, and cold-lap detection by tension test.
1.3.2.5 Metallurgical structure.
1.3.2.6 Ductility—bend test and tension test.  
1.3.3 Thermoelement Properties:  
1.3.3.1 Calibration.
1.3.3.2 Homogeneity.
1.3.3.3 Drift.
1.3.3.4 Thermoelement diameter, roundness, and surface appearance.
1.3.3.5 Thermoelement spacing.
1.3.3.6 Thermoelement ductility.
1.3.3.7 Metallurgical structure.  
1.3.4 Thermocouple Assembly Properti...

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ASTM E452-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.  
5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.  
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Standard Specification for Compacted Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base Metal Thermocouple Cable

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the required material, processing and testing requirements, and also the optional supplementary testing and quality assurance and verification choices for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed, base metal thermocouple cables with at least two thermoelements. The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation. The required tests to which the thermocouple cables shall undergo for quality verification are dimensions, insulation resistance at room temperature, calibration, electrical continuity, insulation density, sheath integrity, and EMF versus temperature values.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), base metal thermocouple cable,2 with at least two thermoelements.3  
1.2 This specification describes the required material, processing and testing requirements, optional supplementary testing, quality assurance, and verification choices.  
1.3 The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sheathed, Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear service. This specification can be used for sheathed thermocouples which are required for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples are as follows: Style G2 (grounded) in which measuring junction is electrically connected to conductive sheaths and Style U2 (ungrounded) in which measuring junctions are electrically isolated from conductive sheaths and from reference ground. Different properties of the sheath such as integrity, cracks, voids, inclusions, surface finish, surface defect, and metallurgical structure shall be determined by performing different tests. Insulation resistance between thermoelements and the sheath shall be measured as well.
SCOPE
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1.2 This specification does not attempt to include all possible specifications, standards, etc., for materials that may be used as sheathing, insulation, and thermocouple wires for sheathed-type construction. The requirements of this specification include only the austenitic stainless steels and other alloys as allowed by Specification E585/E585M for sheathing, magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide as insulation, and Type K and N thermocouple wires for thermoelements (see Note 1).  
1.3 General Design—Nominal sizes of the finished thermocouples shall be 0.0400 in., 0.0625 in., 0.125 in., 0.1875 in., or 0.250 in. [1.000 mm, 1.500 mm, 3.000 mm, 4.500 mm, or 6.000 mm]. Sheath dimensions and tolerances for each nominal size shall be in accordance with Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples covered by this specification are as follows:  
FIG. 1 Grounded Measuring Junction, Style G  
FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U  
1.3.1 Style G2  (grounded)—The measuring junction is electrically connected to its conductive sheath, and  
1.3.2 Style U2 (ungrounded)—The measuring junction is electrically isolated from its conductive sheath and from reference ground.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents or conversions; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the techniques and apparatus required for the accuracy verification of industrial platinum resistance thermometers constructed in accordance with Specification E1137/E1137M and the evaluation of calibration uncertainties. The procedures described apply over the range of -200 °C to 650 °C.  
1.2 This guide does not intend to describe procedures necessary for the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers used as calibration standards or Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers. Consequently, calibration of these types of instruments is outside the scope of this guide.  
1.3 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers are available in many styles and configurations. This guide does not purport to determine the suitability of any particular design, style, or configuration for calibration over a desired temperature range.  
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Standard Guide for Testing Sheathed Thermocouples, Thermocouple Assemblies, and Connecting Wires Prior to, and After Installation or Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
5.2 The test procedures should be used when thermocouple assemblies are first installed in their working environment.  
5.3 In the event of subsequent thermocouple failure, these procedures will provide benchmark data to verify failure and may help to identify the cause of failure.  
5.4 The usefulness and purpose of the applicable tests will be found within each category.  
5.5 These tests are not meant to ensure that the thermocouple assembly will measure temperatures accurately. Such assurance is derived from proper thermocouple and instrumentation selection and proper placement in the location at which the temperature is to be measured. For further information, the reader is directed to MNL 12, Manual on the Use of the Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement2 which is an excellent reference document on metal sheathed thermocouple uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.  
1.2 The tests are intended to ensure that the thermocouple assemblies have not been damaged during storage or installation, to ensure that the extension wires have been attached to connectors and terminals with the correct polarity, and to provide benchmark data for later reference when testing to assess possible damage of the thermocouple assembly after operation. Some of these tests may not be appropriate for thermocouples that have been exposed to temperatures higher than the recommended limits for the particular type.  
1.3 The tests described herein include methods to measure the following characteristics of installed sheathed thermocouple assemblies and to provide benchmark data for determining if the thermocouple assembly has been subsequently damaged in operation:  
1.3.1 Loop Resistance:  
1.3.1.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.1.2 Combined extension wires and thermoelements.  
1.3.2 Insulation Resistance:  
1.3.2.1 Insulation, thermocouple assembly,
1.3.2.2 Insulation, thermocouple assembly and extension wires.  
1.3.3 Seebeck Voltage:  
1.3.3.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.3.2 Combined extension wires and thermocouple assembly.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E696-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Tungsten-Rhenium Alloy Thermocouple Wire

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for bare solid conductors made of tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use in either bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies. Unless otherwise noted, all information in this specification applies to both thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). Thermoelements should meet specified physical, mechanical, thermoelectric, and compositional requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bare, solid conductor, tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements having diameters of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use either in bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies.  
1.2 This specification covers the thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). All information applies to both combinations unless otherwise noted.  
1.3 It is recognized that the alloys described are refractory and are not suitable for use at high temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres. All tests and processes described herein must be performed under conditions that are non-reactive to tungsten-rhenium alloys.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E574-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Duplex, Base Metal Thermocouple Wire With Glass Fiber or Silica Fiber Insulation

ABSTRACT
This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber. This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use. The material shall be classified as follows: Class A-Duplex; Class B-Duplex; Class C-Duplex; Class D-Duplex; Class E-Duplex; and Class F-Duplex. Thermoelements shall be solid thermocouple grade materials with a smooth, bright finish and shall be fully annealed prior to insulating. Individual thermoelements shall be covered with a braid, or double wrap (one wrap in each direction) of glass fibers, a braid of glass fibers, or braid of fibers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber-insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use, but does not attempt to define such usage.  
4.2 A supplement contains the requirements for insulated thermocouple wire that will be exposed to high humidity. The purchase order or inquiry shall specify if the requirements in this supplement are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2488-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for the Preparation and Evaluation of Liquid Baths Used for Temperature Calibration by Comparison

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of a controlled temperature bath will determine what thermometers can be calibrated and to what extent an isothermal condition is achieved. The lack of thermal stability and uniformity of the bath are sources of error that contribute to the overall calibration uncertainty.  
5.2 This guide describes a procedure for determining the effective working space for a controlled temperature fluid bath.  
5.3 This guide describes a procedure for determining the thermal stability within a controlled temperature fluid bath. Overall thermal stability is composed of the bath performance as specified by the manufacturer of the bath equipment and as a component of calibration uncertainty.  
5.4 This guide describes a procedure for determining the temperature uniformity of the working space of the controlled temperature fluid bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use with controlled temperature comparison baths that contain test fluids and operate within the temperature range of –100 °C to 550 °C.  
1.2 This guide describes the essential features of controlled temperature fluid baths used for the purpose of thermometer calibration by the comparison method.  
1.3 This guide does not address the details on the design and construction of controlled-temperature fluid baths.  
1.4 This guide describes a method to define the working space of a bath and evaluate the temperature variations within this space. Ideally, the working space will be as close as possible to isothermal.  
1.5 This guide does not address fixed point baths, ice point baths, or vapor baths.  
1.6 This guide does not address fluidized powder baths.  
1.7 This guide does not address baths that are programmed to change temperature.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2758-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Infrared Thermometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The devices covered by this guide are referred to as IR thermometers.  
1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 2700 °C and measure a narrow to wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.  
1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.  
1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.  
1.6 This guide addresses general information on emissivity and how to deal with emissivity when making measurements with an IR thermometer.  
1.7 This guide contains basic information on the classification of different types of IR thermometers.  
1.8 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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