ASTM E209-18
(Practice)Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates
Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates
ABSTRACT
This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain. Machines used for compression testing shall conform to the requirements prescribed. The apparatus and method for heating the specimens are not specified. The procedure for temperature control, temperature measurement, strain rate during test, and strain measurement are presented in detail. The complete compression-test system consisting of jig, strain instrument, and recorders should be qualified, in accordance with the requirements prescribed.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance—The data obtained from a compression test may include the yield strength, the yield point, Young’s modulus, the stress-strain curve, and the compressive strength (see Terminology E6). In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, compressive strength is a value that is dependent on total strain and specimen geometry.
4.2 Use—Compressive properties are of interest in the analyses of structures subject to compressive or bending loads or both and in the analyses of metal working and fabrication processes that involve large compressive deformation such as forging and rolling. For brittle or nonductile metals that fracture in tension at stresses below the yield strength, compression tests offer the possibility of extending the strain range of the stress-strain data. While the compression test is not complicated by necking as is the tension test for certain metallic materials, buckling and barreling can complicate results and should be minimized
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain.
1.2 In metals with extremely high proportional limit or low modulus of elasticity, 1.5 % total strain under load could be reached before the 0.2 %-offset yield strength is reached. In this event the end point of the test may be reported as the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength unless rupture occurs before that point.
1.3 For acceptable compression tests it is imperative that the specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this reason the equipment and procedures shall be designed to maintain uniform loading and axial alignment.
1.4 Preferred conditions of testing are recommended so that data from different sources conducting the tests will be comparable.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E209 − 18
Standard Practice for
Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated
Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates
1
and Strain Rates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice covers compression test in which the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
controlled rate of strain. E9Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
rials at Room Temperature
1.2 In metals with extremely high proportional limit or low
E21TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
modulus of elasticity, 1.5% total strain under load could be
Metallic Materials
reached before the 0.2%-offset yield strength is reached. In
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
this event the end point of the test may be reported as the 0.2
someter Systems
percent-offset yield strength unless rupture occurs before that
point.
3. Apparatus
1.3 Foracceptablecompressiontestsitisimperativethatthe
3.1 Testing Machines—Machinesusedforcompressiontest-
specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this
ing shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.
reason the equipment and procedures shall be designed to
3.2 Bearing Blocks and Loading Adapters—Load both ends
maintain uniform loading and axial alignment.
of the compression specimens through bearing blocks or
1.4 Preferred conditions of testing are recommended so that
through pin-type adapters that are part of the compression-
data from different sources conducting the tests will be
testing assembly. Bearing blocks may be designed with flat
comparable.
bearing faces for sheet- or bar-type specimens. Sheet speci-
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded mens may also be loaded through pin-type adapters that are
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
clamped rigidly to the grip sections of specimens designed for
3
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only theseadapters (1). Themainrequirementisthatthemethodof
and are not considered standard.
applying the force be consistent with maintaining axial align-
mentanduniformloadingonthespecimenthroughoutthetest.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
When bearing blocks with flat faces are used, the load-bearing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surfacesshouldbesmoothandparallelwithinverycloselimits.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Thetoleranceforparallelismforthesesurfacesshouldbeequal
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
to or closer than that specified for the loaded ends of the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimens. The design of the equipment should provide
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
adequate rigidity so that parallelism is maintained during
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
heating and loading. The bearing blocks or pin-type adapters
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
should be made of a material that is sufficiently hard at the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
testing temperature to resist plastic indentation at maximum
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
force. They should also be of a material or coated with a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
material that is sufficiently oxidation resistant at the maximum
1 2
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE28onMechanical For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
TestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE28.04onUniaxialTesting. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018 Published March 2018. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approvedin1963.Lastpreviousedition,approvedin2010asE209–00(2010).DOI: the ASTM website.
3
10.1520/E0209-18. Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E209 − 00 (Reapproved 2010) E209 − 18
Standard Practice for
Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated
Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates
1
and Strain Rates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at
temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain.
1.2 This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at
temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain.In metals with extremely high proportional limit or low
modulus of elasticity, 1.5 % total strain under load could be reached before the 0.2 %-offset yield strength is reached. In this event
the end point
NOTE 1—In metals with extremely high elastic limit or low modulus of elasticity it is conceivable that 1.5 percent total strain under load could be
reached before the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength is reached. In this event the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength will be the end point of the test unless
rupture occurs before that point.
NOTE 2—For acceptable compression tests it is imperative that the specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this reason the equipment
and procedures, as discussed in this recommended practice, must be designed to maintain uniform loading and axial alignment.of the test may be
reported as the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength unless rupture occurs before that point.
1.3 For acceptable compression tests it is imperative that the specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this
reason the equipment and procedures shall be designed to maintain uniform loading and axial alignment.
1.4 Preferred conditions of testing are recommended so that data from different sources conducting the tests will be comparable.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
3. Apparatus
3.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for compression testing shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on Uniaxial Testing.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010Feb. 1, 2018 Published November 2010March 2018. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition, approved in 20052010
as E209– 05.00(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0209-00R10.10.1520/E0209-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E209 − 18
3.2 Bearing Blocks and Loading Adapters—Load both ends of the compression specimens through bearing blocks or through
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