ASTM A928/A928M-14(2021)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
ABSTRACT
This specification covers standard requirements for ferritic/austenitic (duplex) stainless steel pipe that is electric fusion welded with addition of filler metal suitable for corrosive service. Heat treatment shall be performed after welding and in accordance with specified temperature and quench conditions. Several grades of ferritic/austenitic steel shall conform to the requirements of the applicable specification and grade designation. Heat and product analyses shall be conducted and shall conform to the requirements for the particular grade. The plate used in making the pipe shall conform to the required tensile properties. The steel pipe shall undergo several mechanical tests including transverse tension test, transverse guided-bend test, nondestructive test, hydrostatic test, and nondestructive electric test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electric-fusion-welded steel pipe suitable for corrosive service.
Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this specification for traditional terms such as nominal diameter, size, and nominal size.
1.2 This specification covers grades of ferritic/austenitic steel as indicated in Table 1. The selection of the proper alloy and requirements for heat treatment shall be at the discretion of the purchaser, dependent on the service conditions to be encountered.
1.3 Five classes of pipe are covered as follows:
1.3.1 Class 1—Pipe shall be double welded by processes using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed completely.
1.3.2 Class 2—Pipe shall be double welded by processes using filler metal in all passes. No radiograph is required.
1.3.3 Class 3—Pipe shall be single welded by processes using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed completely.
1.3.4 Class 4—Same as Class 3, except that the weld pass exposed to the inside pipe surface is permitted to be made without the addition of filler metal (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2).
1.3.5 Class 5—Pipe shall be double welded by processes using filler metal in all passes and shall be spot radiographed.
1.4 Supplementary requirements covering provisions ranging from additional testing to formalized procedures for manufacturing practice are provided. Supplementary Requirements S1 through S4 are included as options to be specified in the purchase order when desired.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the M designation of the specification is specified in the order.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A928/A928M −14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric
Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA928/A928M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
1.1 This specification covers electric-fusion-welded steel
standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the M
pipe suitable for corrosive service.
designation of the specification is specified in the order.
NOTE 1—The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
been substituted in this specification for traditional terms such as nominal
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
diameter, size, and nominal size.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 This specification covers grades of ferritic/austenitic
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
steel as indicated in Table 1. The selection of the proper alloy
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
andrequirementsforheattreatmentshallbeatthediscretionof
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the purchaser, dependent on the service conditions to be
encountered.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 Five classes of pipe are covered as follows:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3.1 Class 1—Pipe shall be double welded by processes
A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-
using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed
Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure
completely.
Vessels and for General Applications
1.3.2 Class 2—Pipe shall be double welded by processes
A480/A480M Specification for General Requirements for
using filler metal in all passes. No radiograph is required.
Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate,
1.3.3 Class 3—Pipe shall be single welded by processes
Sheet, and Strip
using filler metal in all passes and shall be radiographed
A941 TerminologyRelatingtoSteel,StainlessSteel,Related
completely.
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
1.3.4 Class 4—Same as Class 3, except that the weld pass
A999/A999M Specification for General Requirements for
exposed to the inside pipe surface is permitted to be made
Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
without the addition of filler metal (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2).
E426 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examina-
1.3.5 Class 5—Pipe shall be double welded by processes
tion of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Titanium,
using filler metal in all passes and shall be spot radiographed.
Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys
1.4 Supplementary requirements covering provisions rang-
2.2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:
ing from additional testing to formalized procedures for
Section III
manufacturing practice are provided. Supplementary Require-
Section VIII
ments S1 through S4 are included as options to be specified in
Section IX
the purchase order when desired. 4
2.3 AWS Specifications:
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
A5.4 Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the Nickel Steel Covered Welding Electrodes
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, the ASTM website.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
A01.10 on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products. International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
Current edition approved March 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally www.asme.org.
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A928/A928M – 14. Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,
DOI: 10.1520/A0928_A0928M-14R21. Miami, FL 33126, http://www.aws.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A928/A928M−14 (2021)
A5.9 Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium- any difference in weld quality requirements, regardless of the
Nickel Steel Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes weld joint type used (single or double) in making the weld.
A 5.11 Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Covered Welding Elec- Where backing rings or strips are used, the ring or strip
trodes material shall be of the same P-Number (Table QW-422 of
A 5.14 Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Section IX) as the plate being joined. Backing rings or strips
Electrodes shall be removed completely after welding, prior to any
A 5.22 Flux Cored Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and required radiography, and the exposed weld surface shall be
Chromium-Nickel Steel Electrodes examined visually for conformance to the requirements of
A 5.30 Consumable Weld Inserts for Gas Tungsten Arc 6.2.3. Welds made by procedures using backing strips or rings
Welding that remain in place are prohibited. Welding procedures and
welding operators shall be qualified in accordance with the
3. Terminology
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
6.2.2 Except as provided in 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2, welds shall
3.1 Definitions:
be made in their entirety by processes involving the deposition
3.1.1 The definitions in Specification A999/A999M and
of filler metal.
Terminology A941 are applicable to this specification.
6.2.2.1 For Class 4 pipe using multiple passes, it is permit-
4. Ordering Information
ted to make the root-pass without the addition of filler metal.
6.2.2.2 ForClass4pipe,itispermittedthattheweldsurface
4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify
exposed inside the pipe be the result from a single pass made
all requirements that are necessary for product under this
from the inside of the pipe without the addition of filler metal.
specification. Such requirements to be considered include, but
6.2.2.3 All single-welded pipe shall be radiographed com-
are not limited to, the following:
pletely.
4.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
6.2.3 The weld surface on either side of the weld may be
4.1.2 Name of material (electric-fusion-welded pipe),
flush with the base plate or may have a reasonably uniform
4.1.3 Grade (see Table 1),
crown, not to exceed ⁄8 in. [3 mm]. It is permitted to remove
4.1.4 Class (see 1.3),
anyweldreinforcement,attheoptionofthemanufacturerorby
4.1.5 Size (outside diameter and nominal wall thickness),
agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. The con-
4.1.6 Length (specific or random),
tour of the reinforcement shall be reasonably smooth and free
4.1.7 End finish (section on ends of Specification A999/
of irregularities. The deposited metal shall be fused uniformly
A999M),
into the plate surface. No concavity of contour is permitted
4.1.8 Authorization for repair of plate defects by welding
unless the resulting thickness of weld metal is equal to or
andsubsequentheattreatmentwithoutpriorapproval,ifsuchis
greater than the minimum thickness of the adjacent base metal.
intended (see 13.3),
6.2.4 Weld defects shall be repaired by removal to sound
4.1.9 Specification designation,
metal and rewelding. Subsequent heat treatment and examina-
4.1.10 Special requirements,
tion(thatis,visual,radiographic,anddyepenetrant)shallbeas
4.1.11 Statement invoking requirements of 13.4, if such is
required on the original welds.
intended,
4.1.12 Circumferential weld permissibility (see Section 17),
6.3 Heat Treatment:
4.1.13 Supplementary Requirements (S1 through S4),
6.3.1 Unless otherwise stated in the order, heat treatment
4.1.14 Applicable ASME Code, if known,
shall be performed after welding and in accordance with the
4.1.15 ForASME Code Section III applications, the service
requirements of Table 2.
classification intended, and
6.3.2 If the purchaser desires pipe without heat treatment
4.1.16 Certification requirements (see section on certifica-
subsequent to welding, the purchase order shall specify the
tion of Specification A999/A999M).
following condition:
6.3.2.1 No final heat treatment of pipe fabricated of plate
5. General Requirements
that has been heat treated as required by Table 2 for the
5.1 Material furnished to this specification shall conform to particular grade. Each pipe supplied under this requirement
the applicable requirements of the current edition of Specifi- shall be stenciled with the suffix “HT-O.”
cation A999/A999M unless otherwise provided herein.
7. Chemical Composition
6. Materials and Manufacture
7.1 The chemical composition of the plate shall conform to
6.1 Materials—The steel plate material shall conform to the the requirements of the applicable specification and grade
requirements of one of the grades of Specification A240/ listed in Table 1.
A240M, listed in Table 1.
7.2 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the
6.2 Welding: chemical composition of the welding material shall conform to
6.2.1 The joints shall be full penetration double-welded or the requirements of the applicable AWS specification for the
single-welded butt joints using fusion welding processes as corresponding grade given in Table 1 or shall conform to the
defined under Definitions, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel chemical composition specified for the plate, or shall, subject
Code, Section IX. This specification makes no provision for to purchaser approval, be a filler metal more highly alloyed
A928/A928M−14 (2021)
than the base metal when needed for corrosion resistance or 12. Transverse Guided-Bend Weld Tests
other properties. Use of a filler metal other than that listed in
12.1 Two bend test specimens shall be taken transversely
Table 1 or conforming to the chemical composition specified
from the pipe. Except as provided in 12.2, one shall be subject
for the plate shall be reported and the filler metal identified on
to a face guided-bend test and the second to a root guided-bend
the certificate of tests.When nitrogen is a specified element for
test. One specimen shall be bent with the inside surface of the
the ordered grade, the method of analysis shall be a matter of
pipe against the plunger, and the other with the outside surface
agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
against the plunger.
12.2 For specified wall thicknesses over ⁄8 in. [9.5 mm] but
8. Heat Analysis
less than ⁄4 in. [19 mm], side-bend tests may be made instead
8.1 The chemical analysis of the steel shall be determined
of the face and root-bend tests. For specified wall thicknesses
by the plate manufacturer and shall conform to the require- 3
⁄4 in. [19 mm] and over, both specimens shall be subjected to
ments for the particular grade as prescribed in Specification
the side-bend tests. Side-bend specimens shall be bent so that
A240/A240M.
one of the side surfaces becomes the convex surface of the
bend specimen.
9. Product Analysis
12.3 The bend test shall be acceptable if no cracks or other
9.1 At the request of the purchaser’s inspector, an analysis
defects exceeding ⁄8 in. [3 mm] in any direction are present in
of one length of flat-rolled stock from each heat, or from base
the weld metal or between the weld and the pipe metal after
metal and weld deposit from two pipes from each lot, shall be
bending. Cracks that originate along edges of the specimen
made by the manufacturer. A lot of pipe shall consist of the
during testing, and that are less than ⁄4 in. [6.5 mm] measured
following number of lengths of the same size and wall
in any direction, shall not be considered.
thickness from any one heat of steel:
13. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
NPS Designator Lengths of Pipe in Lot
Under 2 400 or fraction thereof 13.1 The finished pipe shall have a workmanlike finish.
2 to 5, incl 200 or fraction thereof
13.2 Repair of Plate Defects by Machining or Grinding—
6 and over 100 or fraction thereof
Pipe showing slivers may be machined or ground inside or
9.2 The results of these analyses shall be reported to the
outside to a depth that shall ensure the removal of all included
purchaser or the purchaser’s representative and shall conform
scale and slivers, providing the wall thickness is not reduced
to the requirements specified in Section 7, subject to the
below the specified minimum wall thickness. Machining or
product analysis tolerances of Table 1 in Specification A480/
grinding shall follow inspection of the pipe as rolled, and it
A480M.
shall be followed by supplementary visual inspection.
9.3 If the analysis of one of the tests specified in 8.1 or 9.1
13.3 Repair of Plate Defects by Welding—Defects that
does not conform to the requirements specified in Section 7,it
violate minimum wall thickness may be repaired by welding,
is permitted to obtain an analysis of the base metal and weld
but only with the approval of the purchaser. Areas shall be
deposit of each pipe from the same heat or lot, and all pipe
prepared suitably for welding with tightly closed defects
conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.
removed by grinding. Open, clean defects, such as pits or
impressions, may require no preparation.All welders, welding
10. Tensile Requirements
operators, and weld procedures shall be qualified to theASME
10.1 The plate used in making the pipe shall conform to the
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX. Unless the
requirements as to tensile properties of the applicable specifi-
purchaser specifies otherwise, pipe required to be heat treated
cations listed in Table 1. Tension tests made by the plate
under the provisions of 6.3 shall be heat treated or reheat
manufacturer shall qualify the plate material.
treated following repair welding. Repaired lengths, where
repairdepthisgreaterthan ⁄4ofthethickness,shallbepressure
10.2 The transverse tension test taken across the welded
tested or repressure tested after repair and heat treatment (if
joint specimen shall have a tensile strength not less than the
any)
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