ASTM E2749-10(2014)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of Furnace Exposure on Test Specimens
Standard Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of Furnace Exposure on Test Specimens
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice describes a procedure to gather data intended to measure the uniformity of exposure conditions upon test specimens for the fire test methods described in Test Methods E119, E814, E1529, E1725, E1966 and E2336. The collected data from furnaces are intended to form a basis for performance requirements for the furnaces described in the referenced standards.
5.2 This practice does not include requirements for furnace performance.
5.3 In this procedure, the standardized test specimen is subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this procedure to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this procedure.
5.4 The attention of all persons connected with the conduct of this practice is drawn to the fact that fire testing is hazardous and that there is a possibility that harmful smoke and gases are developed during the test. There is also a possibility that mechanical and operational hazards develop during the construction of the test specimen and the disposal of the test residues. An assessment of all potential hazards and risks to health shall be made and safety precautions shall be identified and provided. Written safety instructions shall be issued. Appropriate training shall be provided to relevant personnel. Laboratory personnel shall ensure that they follow written safety instructions at all times.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides general principles for measuring the uniformity of the furnace exposure on specimens tested in accordance with Test Methods E119, E814, E1529, E1725, E1966 and E2336.
1.2 This practice specifies the materials and the construction requirements for a standardized test specimen used to provide a mounting surface for the instrumentation that measures furnace exposure.
1.3 The instrumentation records temperatures, pressure differentials and oxygen content near the surface of the test specimen.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E2749 − 10(Reapproved 2014) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Measuring the Uniformity of Furnace Exposure on Test
Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2749; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This standard provides general principles for measuring 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the uniformity of the furnace exposure on specimens tested in C1396/C1396M Specification for Gypsum Board
accordance with Test Methods E119, E814, E1529, E1725, E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
E1966 and E2336. and Materials
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
1.2 Thispracticespecifiesthematerialsandtheconstruction
E814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop
requirements for a standardized test specimen used to provide
Systems
a mounting surface for the instrumentation that measures
E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hy-
furnace exposure.
drocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assem-
1.3 The instrumentation records temperatures, pressure dif-
blies
ferentials and oxygen content near the surface of the test
E1725 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier
specimen.
Systems for Electrical System Components
E1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint Systems
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The units given in parentheses are for information E2336 Test Methods for Fire Resistive Grease Duct Enclo-
sure Systems
only.
2.2 ISO Technical Report:
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the
ISO/TR 834-2 Fire resistance tests – Elements of building
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
construction – Part 2: Guide on measuring uniformity of
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
furnace exposure on test samples
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
3. Terminology
actual fire conditions.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
practice, refer to Terminology E176.
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
conducting these tests.
3.2.1 effective area of the furnace opening—furnace open-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing within the boundaries of the monitoring instrumentation.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Practice
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 This practice consists of preparing a standardized test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimen to represent test specimens described in Test Meth-
ods E119, E814, E1529, E1725, E1966 and E2336. The
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire
Resistance. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2749-10. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI:10.1520/E2749-10R14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2749 − 10 (2014)
standardized test specimen provides a low cost, easily con-
structed supporting construction for the mounting of instru-
mentation that measures the exposure imposed by the furnace
onto test specimens.
4.2 The standardized test specimen consists of two layers of
15.9 mm ( ⁄8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board on the surface
facing the furnace chamber attached to steel channels and a
single layer of structural panels (plywood or oriented strand
board) attached to the steel channels on the surface away from
the furnace chamber. The gypsum board provides a fire-
resistive surface for the mounting of the instrumentation. The
structural panels provide stability for the steel support chan-
nels.
4.3 Instrumentation to measure the thermal impact due to
exposure to the furnace upon the standardized test specimen is
installed at various locations on the exposed surface of the
standardized test specimen. Probes used to gather air samples
within the furnace chamber are also installed.
4.4 The standardized test specimen is exposed to the time-
temperature curve specified in referenced ASTM fire test
standards for a time period of 45 min during which time data
NOTE 1—Dimensions in millimetres.
are recorded by the instrumentation mounted on the standard-
FIG. 1 Horizontal Standardized Test Specimen, Location of
ized test specimen.
Joists and Track Channels
4.5 The data provide a record of the conditions and unifor-
mityofthefurnaceexposureuponstandardizedtestspecimens.
The area bounded by the instrumentation installed on the
Appropriate training shall be provided to relevant personnel.
standardizedtestspecimenisdesignatedastheeffectiveareaof
Laboratory personnel shall ensure that they follow written
the furnace opening.
safety instructions at all times.
5. Significance and Use
6. Apparatus
5.1 This practice describes a procedure to gather data
6.1 The furnace(s) and restraining frame(s) used to conduct
intended to measure the uniformity of exposure conditions
tests in accordance with Test Methods E119, E814, E1529,
upon test specimens for the fire test methods described in Test
E1725, E1966 and E2336 shall be used.
Methods E119, E814, E1529, E1725, E1966 and E2336. The
collected data from furnaces are intended to form a basis for
6.2 Standardized Test Specimen:
performance requirements for the furnaces described in the
6.2.1 Materials—The materials used to construct the stan-
referenced standards.
dardized test specimen shall consist of the following: gypsum
board, structural panels, cold-formed steel supports and fasten-
5.2 This practice does not include requirements for furnace
ers.
performance.
6.2.1.1 The gypsum board shall be minimum 15.9 mm ( ⁄8
5.3 In this procedure, the standardized test specimen is
in.) thick complying with the requirements of Type X as
subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test
defined in Specification C1396/C1396M.
conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the
6.2.1.2 The structural panels shall be minimum 18 mm ( ⁄4
end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or
in.) thick. Typical materials include plywood and oriented
from this procedure to predict changes in the fire-test-response
strand boards.
characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only
6.2.1.3 The cold-formed steel joists for horizontal speci-
for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this proce-
mens shall be fabricated from minimum 1.4 mm thick (0.055
dure.
in.) steel. The cold formed steel joists shall be “C” shaped
5.4 The attention of all persons connected with the conduct having a minimum depth of 240 mm (9 ⁄2 in.), a minimum
of this practice is drawn to the fact that fire testing is hazardous flange width of 40 mm (1 ⁄8 in.) and a minimum lip length of
and that there is a possibility that harmful smoke and gases are 12 mm ( ⁄2 in.).
developed during the test. There is also a possibility that 6.2.1.4 The cold-formed steel wall studs for vertical speci-
mechanical and operational hazards develop during the con- mens shall be fabricated from minimum 0.9 mm thick (0.035
struction of the test specimen and the disposal of the test in.) steel.The cold-formed steel wall studs shall be “C” shaped
residues. An assessment of all potential hazards and risks to havingaminimumdepthof90mm(3 ⁄2in.),aminimumflange
health shall be made and safety precautions shall be identified width of 30 mm (1 ⁄4 in.) and a minimum folded back return
and provided. Written safety instructions shall be issued. flange legs of 5 mm ( ⁄4 in.).
E2749 − 10 (2014)
NOTE 1—Dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 2 Horizontal Standardized Test Specimen, Location of Inner Layer of Gypsum Board and Structural Panels
6.2.1.5 The cold-formed steel track channels for the hori- mm (7 ⁄8 in.) on center along each joist and shall be spaced 100
zontal and vertical specimens shall be “C” shaped having a mm (4 in.) from the screws used to attach the inner layer. A
3 5
depth compatible with the joists or wall studs being used. distance of 10 to 15 mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄8 in.) shall be provided
6.2.1.6 Steel fasteners used to attach the gypsum board to between the screws and the edges of the gypsum board.
the studs shall be designed for the attachment of gypsum board
NOTE 2—The exposed layer, or outside layer, of gypsum board is in
to steel supports. Typical screws have a thread diameter of 5
contact with the inner layer of gypsum board.
1 3
mm ( ⁄4 in.) and a head diameter of 8 mm ( ⁄8 in.). The steel
6.2.2.5 The structural panels shall be attached to the joists
fasteners used to attach the inner layer shall have a minimum
with steel screws spaced a maximum of 150 mm (5 ⁄8 in.) on
length of 25 mm (1 in.). The steel fasteners used to attach the
3 5
center along each joist.Adistance of 10 to 15 mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄8 in.)
exposed layer shall have a minimum length of 40 mm (1 ⁄8 in.).
shall be provided between the screws and the edges of the
6.2.1.7 Fasteners used to attach the structural panels to the
structural panels. Holes are permissible in the structural panels
studs shall be designed for the attachment of the panels to steel
to facilitate the installation of the instrumentation.
supports.
6.2.3 Construction Method—Vertical Standardized Test
6.2.2 Construction Method—Standardized horizontal test
Specimen:
specimen.
6.2.3.1 The construction details with respect to the location
6.2.2.1 The construction details with respect to the location
of the wall studs, track channels, gypsum board and the
of the joists, track channels, gypsum board and the structural
structural panels are shown in Figs. 4-6. The construction
panels are shown in Figs. 1-3. The construction details assume
3 3 details assume a furnace opening of 3.1 by 3.1 m (10 ft. 2 in.
a furnace opening of 4.2 by 4.2 m (13 ft 9 ⁄8 in. by 13 ft 9 ⁄8
by 10 ft. 2 in.). Modifications to dimensions are necessary for
in.). Modifications to dimensions are necessary for other
other furnace openings.
furnace openings.
7 6.2.3.2 The wall studs shall be spaced 300 to 450 mm (11 ⁄8
6.2.2.2 The steel joists shall be spaced 300 to 450 mm (11 ⁄8
to 17 ⁄4 in.) on center. The studs are inserted into track
in. to 17 ⁄4 in.) on center. The joists are inserted into the track
channels. The use of steel clip angles are permissible to
channels. The use of steel clip angles are permissible to
facilitate the attachment of the studs to the track channels.
facilitate the attachment of the joists to the track channels.
6.2.3.3 The inner layer of gypsum board shall be attached to
6.2.2.3 The inner layer of gypsum board shall be attached to
the studs with the steel screws spaced a maximum of 200 mm
the joists with the steel screws spaced a maximum of 200 mm
(7 ⁄8 in.) on center along each stud.Adistance of 10 to 15 mm
(7 ⁄8 in.) on center along each joist.Adistance of 10 to 15 mm
3 5
3 5
( ⁄8 to ⁄8 in.) shall be provided between the screws and the
( ⁄8 to ⁄8 in.) shall be provided between the screws and the
edges of the gypsum board.
edges of the gypsum board.
NOTE 3—The inner layer, or base layer, of gypsum board is in contact
NOTE 1—The inner layer, or base layer, of gypsum board is in contact
with the studs.
with the joists.
6.2.2.4 The exposed layer of gypsum board shall be at- 6.2.3.4 The exposed layer of gypsum board shall be at-
tached to the joists with steel screws spaced a maximum 200 tached to the studs with steel screws spaced a maximum 200
E2749 − 10 (2014)
NOTE 1—Dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 3 Horizontal Standardized Test Specimen, Location of Outer Layer of Gypsum Board
3 5
15 mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄8 in.) shall be provided between the screws and
the edges of the structural panels. Holes are permissible in the
structural panels to facilitate the installation of the instrumen-
tation.
6.3 Furnace Limitations—Furnaces with dedicated
applications, such as testing of ceiling assemblies, typically
have specific horizontal or vertical assemblies for this purpose
and therefore do not include open restraining frames.
6.3.1 It is permissible to modify the standardized test
specimen to account for these limitations.
6.4 Instrumentation—The instrumentation installed on the
standardized test specimen shall include plate thermometers, a
directional flame thermometer, bi-directional probes, Type K
thermocouples and air sampling probes.
6.4.1 The plate thermometers (1) shall be constructed as
shown in Fig. 7.
6.4.1.1 The plate part of the plate thermometer shall be
constructedfrom150 61mmlongby100 61mmwideby0.7
6 0.1 mm thick nickel alloy plate strips folded to the design
shown in Fig. 7.
NOTE 1—Dimensions in millimetres
6.4.1.2 A Type K ungrounded Inconel sheathed thermo-
.
couple having a maximum diameter of 1 mm shall be fixed to
FIG. 4 Vertical Standarized Test Specimen, Location of Wall
Studs and Track Channels
the geometric center of the plate in the position shown in Fig.
7 by a steel strip made from the same material as the plate.The
steel strip shall be welded or screwed to the plate. The strip
mm (7 ⁄8 in.) on center along each stud and shall be spaced 100
shall be 18 61mmby6 6 1 mm when it is spot welded to the
mm (4 in.) from the screws used to attach the inner layer. A
plate (Fig. 7) and 25 61mmby6 6 1 mm when it is to be
3 5
distance of 10 to 15 mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄8 in.) shall be provided
screwed to the plate. The screw shall be a maximum 2 mm in
between the screws and the edges of the gypsum board.
diameter.
NOTE 4—The exposed layer, or outside layer, of gypsum board is in
contact with the inner layer of gypsum board.
6.2.3.5 The structural panels shall be attached to the support
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
channels with steel screws spaced a maximum of 150 mm (5 ⁄8
this standard.
in.) on center along each support channel.
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