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ASTM E2234-08

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexedby AQL

Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexedby AQL

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Written Procedures—Written procedures are ordinarily developed and made available for the customer’s review, upon request. When the written procedures indicate use of this standard, they shall comply with the requirements of this practiceand reference appropriate parts as necessary.  
Nonconformance—The extent of nonconformance of product shall be expressed either in terms of percent defective or in terms of defects per hundred units.
Formation and Identification of Lots or Batches—The product shall be assembled into identifiable lots, sublots, batches, or in such other manner as may be prescribed. Each lot or batch shall, as far as is practicable, consist of units of product of a single type, grade, class, size, and composition, manufactured under essentially the same conditions, and at essentially the same time. The lots or batches shall be identified by the contractor and shall be kept intact in adequate and suitable storage space.  
AQL:
AQL Use—The AQL, together with the Sample Size Code Letter, is used for indexing the sampling plans provided herein.  
Limitation—The selection or use of an AQL shall not imply that the contractor has the right to supply any defective unit of product.  
Choosing AQLs—Different AQLs may be chosen for groups of defects considered collectively, or for individual defects. An AQL for a group of defects may be chosen in addition to AQLs for individual defects, or subgroups, within that group. AQL values of 10.0 or less may be expressed either in percent defective or in defects per hundred units; those over 10.0 shall be expressed in defects per hundred units only.
Sampling:
Representative (Stratified) Sampling—When appropriate, the number of units in the sample shall be selected in proportion to the size of sublots or sub-batches, or parts of the lot or batch, identified by some rational criterion. When representative sampling is used, the units from each sublot, sub-batch or part of the lot or batch shall be selecte...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL. The tabled calculations are based on the probabilistic theory of recurrent events when a series of lots or batches are produced in a stable environment.
1.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, and (8) administrative procedures.
1.2.1 These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves and Table VI or Table VII to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 4.11).  
1.2.2 This practice should be used to guide the user in the development of an inspection strategy that provides a cost effective approach to attaining confidence in product compliance with contractual technical requirements. The user is warned of the assumed risks relative to the chosen sample size and AQL.  
1.2.3 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105 in industries supported by ASTM. The practiceprovides the fundamental basis for many existing sampling procedures currently in effect in laboratories and other facilities. As such, it provides a primary source for other AQL standards and for specifically engineered sampling plans developed by other standards bodies and individual facilities and appearing in various forms on the shelves of countless laboratories and oper...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2008
ICS
07.020 - Mathematics
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.30 - Statistical Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2234-05 - Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexedby AQL
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Replaced By
ASTM E2234-09 - Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexedby AQL
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM F3554-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Grade 4340 (UNS G43400) via Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion for Transportation Applications
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2696-21 - Standard Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on the Exponential Distribution
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2586-19e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM C390-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Sampling and Acceptance of Thermal Insulation Lots
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM F3607-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Maraging Steel via Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2936-20 - Standard Guide for Contractor Self-Assessment for U.S. Government Asset Management Systems
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2910-12(2018) - Standard Guide for Preferred Methods for Acceptance of Product
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2587-16(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical Process Control
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E456-13a(2022) - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2762-10(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Variables Indexed by AQL
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2819-11(2021) - Standard Practice for Single- and Multi-Level Continuous Sampling of a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2555-21e1 - Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation:E2234–08
Standard Practice for
Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by
1
AQL
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2234; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope rated in the Related Materials Section of Volume 14.02 of the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
1.1 Purpose—This practice establishes lot or batch sam-
pling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using
2. Referenced Documents
MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
indexed by AQL. The tabled calculations are based on the
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
probabilistic theory of recurrent events when a series of lots or
E1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and
batches are produced in a stable environment.
LTPD Sampling Plans
1.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publi-
2.2 Other Standard:
cation are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the
MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-
following:(1)enditems,(2)componentsandrawmaterials,(3)
3
spection by Attributes
operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in
storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, and
3. Terminology
(8) administrative procedures.
3.1 Definitions: Terminology E456 provides a more exten-
1.2.1 These plans are intended primarily to be used for a
sive list of terms in E11 standards.
continuingseriesoflotsorbatches.Theplansmayalsobeused
3.1.1 acceptance quality limit (AQL), n—quality limit that
for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter
is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series
case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating character-
of lots is submitted for acceptance sampling.
istic curves andTableVI orTableVII to find a plan which will
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thisdefinitionsupersedesthatgivenin
yield the desired protection (see 4.11).
MIL-STD-105E.
1.2.2 This practice should be used to guide the user in the
3.1.1.2 Discussion—A sampling plan and an AQL are
development of an inspection strategy that provides a cost
chosen in accordance with the risk assumed. Use of a value of
effective approach to attaining confidence in product compli-
AQL for a certain defect or group of defects indicates that the
ance with contractual technical requirements. The user is
sampling plan will accept the great majority of the lots or
warned of the assumed risks relative to the chosen sample size
batchesprovidedtheprocessaveragelevelofpercentdefective
and AQL.
(or defects per hundred units) in these lots or batches are no
1.2.3 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-
greater than the designated value of AQL. Thus, the AQL is a
STD-105E inASTM format for use byASTM committees and
designated value of percent defective (or defects per hundred
others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105 in
units) for which lots will be accepted most of the time by the
industries supported by ASTM. The practiceprovides the fun-
sampling procedure being used. The sampling plans provided
damental basis for many existing sampling procedures cur-
herein are so arranged that the probability of acceptance at the
rently in effect in laboratories and other facilities. As such, it
designated AQL value depends upon the sample size, being
provides a primary source for other AQL standards and for
generally higher for large samples than for small ones for a
specifically engineered sampling plans developed by other
given AQL. The AQL alone does not identify the chances of
standards bodies and individual facilities and appearing in
accepting or rejecting individual lots or batches but more
various forms on the shelves of countless laboratories and
directly relates to what might be expected from a series of lots
operations. It replaces the AQL scheme previously incorpo-
or batches, provided the steps indicated in this publication are
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.30 on Statistical contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Quality Control. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2234–05. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E2234–05 Designation:E2234–08
Standard Practice for
Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by
1
AQL
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2234; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Purpose—This standardpractice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using
MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL. The tabled calculations are based on the
probabilistic theory of recurrent events when a series of lots or batches are produced in a stable environment.
1.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following:
(1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6)
maintenance operations, (7) data or records, and (8) administrative procedures.
1.2.1 These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for
the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves
and Table VI or Table VII to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 4.11).
1.2.2 This publicationpractice should be used to guide the user in the development of an inspection strategy that provides a cost
effective approach to attaining confidence in product compliance with contractual technical requirements. The user is warned of
the assumed risks relative to the chosen sample size and AQL.
1.2.3 This standardpractice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E inASTM format for use byASTM committees and
others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105 in industries supported byASTM. The standard providespracticepro-
vides the fundamental basis for many existing sampling procedures currently in effect in laboratories and other facilities.As such,
it provides a primary source for otherAQLstandards and for specifically engineered sampling plans developed by other standards
bodies and individual facilities and appearing in various forms on the shelves of countless laboratories and operations. It replaces
theAQLschemepreviouslyincorporatedintheRelatedMaterialsSectionofVolume14.02ofthe Annual Book ofASTM Standards
.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1994Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and LTPD Sampling Plans
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E 1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and LTPD Sampling Plans
2.2 Other Standard:
3
MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: Terminology E 456 provides a more extensive list of terms in E11 standards.
3.1.1 acceptance quality limit (AQL), n— quality limit that is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of
lots is submitted for acceptance sampling.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This definition supercsedes that given in MIL-STD-105E.
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Asampling plan and anAQL are chosen in accordance with the risk assumed. Use of a value ofAQL for
a certain defect or group of defects indicates that the sampling plan will accept the great majority of the lots or batches provided
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.30 on Data Analysis.
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published January 2006.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.30 on Statistical Quality
Control.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 2234–05.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright
...

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ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL). It provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others and recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. This practice also establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
4.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
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5.4 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, and (8) administrative procedures.
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1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps  
4.3 All ASTM test methods are required to include statements on precision and bias.3  
4.4 Since ASTM began to require all test methods to have precision and bias statements that are based on interlaboratory studies, there has been increased concern regarding what statistical experiments and procedures to use during the development of the test methods. Although there exists a wide range of statistical procedures, there is a small group of generally accepted techniques that are beneficial to follow. This guide is designed to provide a brief overview of these procedures and to suggest an appropriate sequence of conducting these procedures.  
4.5 Statistical procedures often result in interpretations that are not absolutes. Sometimes the information obtained may be inadequate or incomplete, which may lead to additional questions and the need for further experimentation. Information outside the data is also impo...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies statistical procedures for use in developing new test methods or revising or evaluating existing test methods, or both.  
1.2 This guide also cites statistical procedures especially useful in the application of test methods.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2234-09(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL). It provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others and recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. This practice also establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
4.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL).  
1.2 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-105E is preserved in Sections 4 – 6 of this practice.  
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E456-13a(2022)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

ABSTRACT
This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics. A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics.  
1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative standard will be editorially changed in this standard. Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially added to this standard with an attribution to that standard.  
1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2232-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Methods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Processing Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use as an Analytical Tool—Mathematical methods provide an analytical tool to be employed for many applications related to absorbed dose determinations in radiation processing. Mathematical calculations may not be used as a substitute for routine dosimetry in some applications (for example, medical device sterilization, food irradiation).  
4.2 Dose Calculation—Absorbed-dose calculations may be performed for a variety of photon/electron environments and irradiator geometries.  
4.3 Evaluate Process Effectiveness—Mathematical models may be used to evaluate the impact of changes in product composition, loading configuration, and irradiator design on dose distribution.  
4.4 Complement or Supplement to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used to establish a detailed understanding of dose distribution, providing a spatial resolution not obtainable through measurement. Calculations may be used to reduce the number of dosimeters required to characterize a procedure or process (for example, dose mapping).  
4.5 Alternative to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used when dosimetry is impractical (for example, granular materials, materials with complex geometries, material contained in a package where dosimetry is not practical or possible).  
4.6 Facility Design—Dose calculations are often used in the design of a new irradiator and can be used to help optimize dose distribution in an existing facility or radiation process. The use of modeling in irradiator design can be found in Refs (2-7).  
4.7 Validation—The validation of the model should be done through comparison with reliable and traceable dosimetric measurements. The purpose of validation is to demonstrate that the mathematical method makes reliable predictions of dose and other transport quantities. Validation compares predictions or theory to the results of an appropriate experiment. The degree of validation is commensurate with the application. Guidance is given in the documents referenced in Annex A2.  
...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes different mathematical methods that may be used to calculate absorbed dose and criteria for their selection. Absorbed-dose calculations can determine the effectiveness of the radiation process, estimate the absorbed-dose distribution in product, or supplement or complement, or both, the measurement of absorbed dose.  
1.2 Radiation processing is an evolving field and annotated examples are provided in Annex A6 to illustrate the applications where mathematical methods have been successfully applied. While not limited by the applications cited in these examples, applications specific to neutron transport, radiation therapy and shielding design are not addressed in this document.  
1.3 This guide covers the calculation of radiation transport of electrons and photons with energies up to 25 MeV.  
1.4 The mathematical methods described include Monte Carlo, point kernel, discrete ordinate, semi-empirical and empirical methods.  
1.5 This guide is limited to the use of general purpose software packages for the calculation of the transport of charged or uncharged particles and photons, or both, from various types of sources of ionizing radiation. This standard is limited to the use of these software packages or other mathematical methods for the determination of spatial dose distributions for photons emitted following the decay of 137Cs or 60Co, for energetic electrons from particle accelerators, or for X-rays generated by electron accelerators.  
1.6 This guide assists the user in determining if mathematical methods are a useful tool. This guide may assist the user in selecting an appropriate method for calculating absorbed dose. The user must determine whether any of these mathematical methods are appropriate for the solution to their specific application and what, if any, software to apply.
Note 1: The user is urged to apply these predictive techniques while being aware of the need for experien...

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ASTM D6026-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.  
5.3 The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the precision of the values.  
5.3.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or the number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results) or both. This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data.  
1.2 The guidelines presented are industry standard and are representative of the significant digits that should be retained in general. The guidelines do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.  
1.3 It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators and computers, see 6.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 6.2) is in accordance with Practice E29, ASTM Manual 7, or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
Note 1: Calculators and computers often present and use many digits in their output and calculations, which may not all be significant. It is the responsibility of the programmer and user to make sure that the measured and calculated values are handled, interpreted and reported properly using these guidelines.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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