ASTM D2983-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.
5.2 Initially this test method was developed to determine whether an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) would meet OEM low temperature performance criterion originally defined using a particular model viscometer.6 The viscosity range covered in the original ATF performance correlation studies was from less than 1000 mPa·s to more than 60 000 mPa·s. The success of the ATF correlation and the development of this test method has over time been applied to other fluids and lubricants such as gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and so forth.
5.3 This test method describes how to measure apparent viscosity directly without the errors associated with earlier techniques using extrapolation of experimental viscometric data obtained at higher temperatures.
Note 1: Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpolation or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by gelation and other forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield2 Viscosity” which implies a viscosity determined by this method.
1.3 This test method contains three procedures: Procedure A is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of a simulated air cell (SimAir)3 Cell in preparation for viscosity measurement.
1.4 The range of viscosity used to generate the precision data for this test method was from 300 mPa·s to 170 000 mPa·s at test temperatures from –12 °C to –40 °C. The ILS also included viscosities greater than 500 000 mPa·s and temperatures down to –55 °C and are included in Appendix X5. Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specifically targeted hydraulic fluid ranging from 500 mPa·s to 1700 mPa·s.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second (mPa·s), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPa·s).
1.6 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the use...
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Designation: D2983 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission
Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational
1
Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscom-
standard.
eters with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for
1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second
the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic
(mPa·s), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPa·s).
transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some
lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 1.6 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
300mPa·s to 900000mPa·s regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
Viscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have
2
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
oftenbeenreferredtoas“Brookfield Viscosity”whichimplies
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
a viscosity determined by this method.
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
1.3 Thistestmethodcontainsthreeprocedures:ProcedureA
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used
may be prohibited by law.
when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
usedtocoolsamplesinpreparationforviscositymeasurement.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ProcedureCisusedwhenamechanicallyrefrigeratedconstant
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
temperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3
simulated air cell (SimAir) Cell in preparation for viscosity
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
measurement.
1.4 The range of viscosity used to generate the precision
2. Referenced Documents
dataforthistestmethodwasfrom300mPa·sto170000mPa·s
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
at test temperatures from –12°C to –40°C. The ILS also
D341Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
included viscosities greater than 500000 mPa·s and tempera-
Petroleum Products
tures down to –55°C and are included in Appendix X5.
D4175Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specifi-
Fuels, and Lubricants
cally targeted hydraulic fluid ranging from 500mPa·s to
D5133Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,
1700mPa·s.
Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils
Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D7962Practice for Determination of Minimum Immersion
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Depth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measure-
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published March 2017. Originally
ment Drift
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2983–15. DOI:
10.1520/D2983-16.
2
Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of AMETEK
4
Brookfield, Inc, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http:// For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
www.brookfieldengineering.com. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
SimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
48642, http://www.savantgroup.com. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2983 − 16
E1Specification for AST
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2983 − 15 D2983 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by
BrookfieldAutomatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids,
1,21
and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the use of Brookfieldrotational viscometers of with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle
for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of lubricants. The test may be applied over automatic transmission fluids, gear
oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 500 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s within a low
temperature range appropriate to the capacity of the viscometer head.300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” In
2
the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield Viscosity” which implies a viscosity
determined by this method.
1.3 This test method contains three procedures: Procedure A is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparation
for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samples
in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bath
3
is used to cool samples by means of a simulated air cell (SimAir) Cell in preparation for viscosity measurement.
1.4 The range of viscosity used to generate the precision data for this test method was from 300 mPa·s to 170 000 mPa·s at test
temperatures from –12 °C to –40 °C. The ILS also included viscosities beyond greater than 500 000 mPa·s and temperatures down
to –55 °C and are included in Appendix X5. Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specifically targeted hydraulic
fluid ranging from 500 mPa·s to 1700 mPa·s.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second (mPa·s), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPa·s).
1.6 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2015Dec. 15, 2016. Published February 2016March 2017. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20092015
as D2983 – 09.D2983 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D2983-15.10.1520/D2983-16.
7
The sole source of supply known to the committee at this time is Brookfield AMETEK, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http://
www.brookfieldengineering.com. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
1
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
2
Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., AMETEK Brookfield, Inc, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA
02346,
www.brookfieldengineering.com. http://www.brookfieldengineering.com.
3
Selby, T. W., “Au
...
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