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ASTM D7223-16a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel

Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the certification of aircraft. The specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of this aviation fuel from the refinery to the aircraft.  
1.3 This specification does not include the fuels that are commonly used in aviation turbine engines. Those are listed in Specification D1655.  
1.4 The aviation turbine fuel defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.5 The use of EI/IP (Energy Institute/Institute of Petroleum) test methods is permitted. The user of this specification is referred to Specification D1655 (latest revision), Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels, Paragraph 2, Referenced Documents and Table 1, Detailed Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Column 4, Test Methods, to determine the pairing of the IP test method with the particular detailed requirement, and to Section 11, Test Methods, to identify jointed standards and referee methods.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 Exception—Units of pressure are also given in psi.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2016
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0 - Aviation Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7223-16 - Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7223 −16a An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
fuel under contract.
ration
1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviation
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
turbine fuel for civil use in the certification of aircraft. The
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
specificationcanbeusedasastandardindescribingthequality
ity)
of this aviation fuel from the refinery to the aircraft.
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
1.3 This specification does not include the fuels that are
Method)
commonly used in aviation turbine engines. Those are listed in
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Specification D1655.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
1.4 The aviation turbine fuel defined by this specification
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
designed and certified for this fuel.
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and
1.5 The use of EI/IP (Energy Institute/Institute of Petro-
Aviation Turbine Fuel
leum) test methods is permitted. The user of this specification
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
is referred to Specification D1655 (latest revision), Specifica-
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons inAvia-
tion for Aviation Turbine Fuels, Paragraph 2, Referenced
tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Documents and Table 1, Detailed Requirements of Aviation
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Turbine Fuels, Column 4, Test Methods, to determine the
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
pairing of the IP test method with the particular detailed
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
requirement, and to Section 11, Test Methods, to identify
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity ofAviation
jointed standards and referee methods.
and Distillate Fuels
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
standard.
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in
1.6.1 Exception—Units of pressure are also given in psi.
Gasoline, Kerosine,Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels
(Potentiometric Method)
2. Referenced Documents
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
2
Aviation Turbine Fuels
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
tion of Aviation Fuels
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Cup Tester
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
D3948 TestMethodforDeterminingWaterSeparationChar-
Subcommittee D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.
acteristicsofAviationTurbineFuelsbyPortableSeparom-
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved
eter
in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7223 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/
D7223-16A.
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Petroleum Products
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7223−16a
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors individualbasis(seeAnnexA1onfuelsfr
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7223 − 16 D7223 − 16a An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel
under contract.
1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the certification of aircraft. The
specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of this aviation fuel from the refinery to the aircraft.
1.3 This specification does not include the fuels that are commonly used in aviation turbine engines. Those are listed in
Specification D1655.
1.4 The aviation turbine fuel defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically
designed and certified for this fuel.
1.5 The use of EI/IP (Energy Institute/Institute of Petroleum) test methods is permitted. The user of this specification is referred
to Specification D1655 (latest revision), Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels, Paragraph 2, Referenced Documents and Table
1, Detailed Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Column 4, Test Methods, to determine the pairing of the IP test method with
the particular detailed requirement, and to Section 11, Test Methods, to identify jointed standards and referee methods.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6.1 Exception—Units of pressure are also given in psi.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric
Method)
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016July 1, 2016. Published February 2016July 2016. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as
D7223 – 11 (2015).D7223 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D7223-16.10.1520/D7223-16A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7223 − 16a
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D3948 Test Method
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The preferred units are mass percent hydrogen.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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SCOPE
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1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
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Gas Oils  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
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ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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