ASTM D440-86(2002)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for Coal
Standard Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for Coal
SCOPE
1.1 This test method of drop shatter test covers the determination of the relative size stability and its complement, the friability, of sized coal. It affords a means of indicating the ability of coal to withstand breakage when subjected to handling at the mine and during transit to the consumer. The test method is serviceable for ascertaining the similarity of coals in respect to size stability and friability rather than for determining values within narrow limits in order to emphasize their dissimilarity. This test method is considered applicable for testing a selected single size of different coals, for testing different single sizes of the same coal, and for mixed sizes of the same or different coals.
Note 1—By single sizes is meant those with fixed upper and lower sieve opening limits, selected from those designated in 4.2; and by mixed sizes is meant either "slack" or a mixture of two or more single sizes.
1.2 This test method appears best suited for measuring the relative resistance to breakage of the larger sizes of coal when handled in thin layers such as from loader to mine car, from loading boom to railroad car, from shovel to chute, etc. While it may not be so well adapted for measuring the liability to breakage of coal when handled in mass, as in unloading open-bottom cars, emptying bins, etc., it is believed that the test method will serve also to indicate the relative size stability of composite sizes of coal where, in commercial handling, the smaller sized pieces have a cushioning effect which tends to lessen the breakage of the larger pieces of coal.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units shall be regarded as the standard. Mass may be expressed in metric values.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D440–86(Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method of
Drop Shatter Test for Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method of drop shatter test covers the deter-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mination of the relative size stability and its complement, the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
friability, of sized coal. It affords a means of indicating the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ability of coal to withstand breakage when subjected to
handling at the mine and during transit to the consumer. The
2. Referenced Documents
test method is serviceable for ascertaining the similarity of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
coals in respect to size stability and friability rather than for
D 410 Method of Sieve Analysis of Coal
determining values within narrow limits in order to emphasize
D 3038 Test Method for Drop Shatter Test for Coke
theirdissimilarity.Thistestmethodisconsideredapplicablefor
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
testing a selected single size of different coals, for testing
poses
different single sizes of the same coal, and for mixed sizes of
E 323 Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing
the same or different coals.
Purposes
NOTE 1—By single sizes is meant those with fixed upper and lower
sieve opening limits, selected from those designated in 4.2; and by mixed
3. Significance and Use
sizes is meant either “slack” or a mixture of two or more single sizes.
3.1 The values determined in this test method, when evalu-
1.2 This test method appears best suited for measuring the
ated in terms of pertinent experience with other coals, may be
relative resistance to breakage of the larger sizes of coal when
used as indications of the extent to which coal will break in
handled in thin layers such as from loader to mine car, from
conventional transit and handling beyond the point of sam-
loading boom to railroad car, from shovel to chute, etc. While
pling.
it may not be so well adapted for measuring the liability to
4. Apparatus
breakage of coal when handled in mass, as in unloading
open-bottom cars, emptying bins, etc., it is believed that the
4.1 Shatter Test Machine, which is the same as that de-
test method will serve also to indicate the relative size stability
scribed and illustrated in Test Method D 3038, shall consist of
of composite sizes of coal where, in commercial handling, the
a box 18 in. (457 mm) in width, 28 in. (711 mm) in length, and
smaller sized pieces have a cushioning effect which tends to
approximately 15 in. (381 mm) in depth, supported above a
lessen the breakage of the larger pieces of coal.
rigidlymountedcastironorsteelplatenotlessthan ⁄2in.(12.7
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units shall be regarded
mm) in thickness, 38 in. (965 mm) in width, and 48 in. (1219
as the standard. Mass may be expressed in metric values.
mm) in length. The inside of the bottom of the box shall be 6
ft (1.83 m) above the plate.The bottom of the box shall consist
of two doors hinged lengthwise and latched so that they will
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
swing open freely and not impede the fall of the coal. Boards
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on Physical
about 8 in. (200 mm) in height should be placed around the
Characteristics of Coal.
Current edition approved Sept. 26, 1986. Published November 1986. Originally
plate so that no coal is lost. To prevent the breakage of coal,
e1
published as D 440 – 37 T. Last previous edition D 440 – 86 (1994) .
which may occur while placing the sample into the box, the
For information concerning the development and utilization of this drop shatter
box shall be constructed so that it can be lowered to a
test method for coal the following references may be consulted:
Smith, C. M., “An Investigation of the Friability of Different Coals,” University
of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 196 UIBBA (1929); “The
Friability of Illinois Coals,” University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station,
Bulletin No. 218 UIBBA (1930).
Yancey, H. F., and Zane, R. E., “Comparison of Methods for Determining the
Friability of Coal,” U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 3215 (1933). Discontinued; see 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
Gilmore, R. E., Nicolls, J. H. H., and Connell, G. P., “Coal Friability Tests,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.06.
Canadian Department of Mines, Mines Branch, No. 762 (1935). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D440–86 (2002)
convenient level; this is best done by means of a pulley and that the entire quantity of the coal sampled will be represented
counterweight. A convenient form of shatter test machine is proportionately in the gross sample, collect increments regu-
shown in Fig. 1. larly and systematically. When testing coal as mined, take the
4.2 Sieves—Round-hole sieves selected from the following sample at the mine before it is subjected to screening and to
1 3 1 1 1
sizes, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 ⁄2,1, ⁄4 , ⁄2 , ⁄4 , and ⁄8 in., shall be used. loadingintocarsatthetipple.Whentestingcoalssubsequentto
These sieves shall conform to Specification E 11 or Specifica- mining, the sample may be taken at any stage in the transpor-
tion E 323. Frames for the sieves may be of either hardwood or tation from the mine to the place at which it is to be used. For
metal, and may be square, rectangular, or circular. A nest the correct interpretation of the shatter test results, note the
comprising all the sieves in the series, with 2-ft (610-mm) elapsed time since mining as well as a record of the handling
2 2
square plates, that is, of 4-ft (0.37-m ) area, is recommended, and storage of the coal.
2 2
although plates with areas of 6 to 9 ft (0.56 to 0.84 m ), are
5.2 Preparation of Laboratory Sample:
suitable.
5.2.1 Usingthesievesdesignatedin4.2,makeapreliminary
sieving of a representative portion or all of the gross sample
5. Samples
and retain the sieved sizes separately. Sieve successive repre-
5.1 Collection of Gross Sample—Collect the gross sample sentative portions of the gross sample to obtain at least 200 lb
inaccordancewithSections5thru7ofMethodD 410.Inorder (90 kg) of the single size selected for test. While the size or
NOTE 1—1 in. = 25.4 mm
FIG. 1 Shatter Test Machine
D440–86 (2002)
sizes to be selected for test are optional in this method, one or sievesspecifiedin4.2.Insieving,careshallbetakentoprevent
more of the sizes larger than 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) are further breakage of the coal. The sieving shall be carried out in
suggested with preference for the 4 to 6-in. (100 to 150-mm) suchsmallincrementsastopermitsatisfactorycontactbetween
size (Note 2). In cases where difficulty is experienced in theindividualpiecesofcoalandthesieve.Onthelargersieves,
sieving this quantity, the amount obtained by the preliminary down to and including the sieve with 1-in. (25.0-mm) openings
sieving may be augmented from larger pieces by dropping individual pieces of coal not readily passing through the sieves
them in the shatter test apparatus. This procedure for obtaining shall
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