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ASTM E1918-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field (Withdrawn 2006)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field (Withdrawn 2006)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solar reflectance of various horizontal and low-sloped surfaces and materials in the field, using a pyranometer. The test method is intended for use when the sun angle to the normal from a surface is less than 45 degrees.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the measurement of solar reflectance of various horizontal and low-sloped surfaces and materials in the field, using a pyranometer. The test method is intended for use when the sun angle to the normal from a surface is less than 45.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing, this test method was withdrawn in January 2006 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1997
Withdrawal Date
31-Jan-2006
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
D08 - Roofing and Waterproofing
Drafting Committee
D08.18 - Nonbituminous Organic Roof Coverings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1918-06 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field
Effective Date
15-Aug-2006
Referred By
ASTM E631-15 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM D3794-22 - Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997

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ASTM E1918-97 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field (Withdrawn 2006)ASTM E1918-97 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field (Withdrawn 2006)
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ASTM E1918-97 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field (Withdrawn 2006)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1918 – 97
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped
Surfaces in the Field
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solar 4.1 A pyranometer is used to measure incoming and re-
reflectance of various horizontal and low-sloped surfaces and flected solar radiation for a uniform horizontal or low-sloped
materials in the field, using a pyranometer. The test method is surface. The solar reflectance is the ratio of the reflected
intended for use when the sun angle to the normal from a radiation to the incoming radiation.
surface is less than 45°.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 Solar reflectance is an important factor affecting surface
2.1 ASTM Standards: and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low
E 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion solar reflectance (typically 30 % or lower), absorb a high
E 903 Test Method for SolarAbsorptance, Reflectance, and fractionoftheincomingsolarenergywhichiseitherconducted
Transmittance of Materials Using Integrated Spheres into buildings or convected to air (leading to higher air
temperatures).Useofmaterialswithhighsolarreflectancemay
3. Terminology
result in lower air-conditioning energy use and cooler cities
3.1 Definitions: andcommunities.Thetestmethoddescribedheremeasuresthe
3.1.1 low-sloped surfaces—surfaces with a slope smaller
solar reflectance of surfaces in the field.
than 9.5°. The roofing industry has widely accepted a slope of
6. Apparatus
2:12 or less as a definition of low-sloped roofs. This corre-
sponds to a slop of approximately 9.5° (16.7 %). 6.1 Sensor—A precision spectral pyranometer (PSP) sensi-
3.1.2 pyranometer—an instrument (radiometer) used to tive to radiant energy in the 0.28–2.8 µm band is recom-
measure the total solar radiant energy incident upon a surface mended. A typical pyranometer yields a linear output of
–2
per unit time and unit surface area. 60.5 %between0and1400W·m andaresponsetimeofone
3.1.3 solar energy—the radiant energy originating from the s. Specific characteristics can be obtained based on calibration
sun. Approximately 99 % of solar energy lies between wave- by the manufacturer of the pyranometer. Other suitable pyra-
lengths of 0.3 to 3.5 µm. nometers are discussed in Zerlaut. The double-dome design of
3.1.4 solar flux—for these measurements, the direct and the PSP minimizes the effects of internal convection resulting
diffuse radiation from the sun received at ground level over the fromtiltingthepyranometeratdifferentangles.Forthisreason,
solar spectrum, expressed in watts per square metre. the PSP is especially suitable for this test, since measurement
3.1.5 solar reflectance—the fraction of solar flux reflected of solar reflectivity requires the apparatus to alternatively face
by a surface. up and down.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 6.2 Read-Out Instrument—The analog output from the
3.2.1 solar spectrum—the solar spectrum at ground level pyranometerisconvertedtodigitaloutputwithareadoutmeter
extending from wavelength 0.3 to 3.5 µm. (such as EPLAB Model 455 Instantaneous Solar Radiation
Meter) that has an accuracy of better than 60.5 % and a
–2
resolution of 1 W·m . The meter shall be scaled to the
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing
sensitivity of the specific PSP by the manufacturer of the
and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.18 on
Nonbituminous Organic Roof Coverings.
pyranometer. Alternatively, a precision voltmeter can be used.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published September 1998.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on G. Zerlaut, “Solar Radiation Instrumentation” in Solar Resources, R.L. Hul-
the ASTM website. strom, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989, pp. 173-308.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1918–97
6.3 Pyranometer Stand—The pyranometer shall be andminimizestheeffectoftheshadowfromequipment).There
mounted on an arm and a stand that places the sensor at a shall be no other shadow on the measurement area other than
height of 50 cm above the surface to minimize the effect of the theminimalshadowcastbythepyranometerandthestand.The
shadow on measured reflected radiation. The arm and stand pyranometer shall be parallel to the surface where measure-
shall be strong, cast the smallest possible shadow, and allow ment is conducted.
the pyranometer to be turned upward and downward easily as 9.4 Face the pyranometer upward (that is, looking directly
shown in Fig. 1. away from the surface) to read incoming solar radiation. Flip
the pyranometer downward to read reflected solar radiation.
7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
Make sure the readings are constant for at least 10 s. The
measurements of incoming and reflected radiation shall be
7.1 The test method described here applies to large (circles
performed in a time interval not to exceed 2 min. Solar
with at least four meters in diameter or squares four meters on
reflectance is the ratio of the reflected radiation to incoming
a side), homogeneous, low-sloped surfaces, such as roofs,
radiation. Repeat the pairs of incoming and reflected measure-
streets, and parking lots.The measurements shall be performed
mentsatleastt
...

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4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
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1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
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Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
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5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
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