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ASTM A768/A768M-05

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts

Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts

ABSTRACT
This specification covers vacuum-treated 12% chromium alloy steel forgings for turbine rotors and shafts. Materials shall be manufactured by specified melting processes, heat treatment (quenching, tempering, and austenitizing), rough machining, boring, and stress relieving. Product analysis shall be used to evaluate if the elemental chemical compositions of the forgings are within specified range. Specimens shall also undergo tension and impact tests to evaluate their conformance to tensile and notch toughness requirements, which include tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Nondestructive tests, such as ultrasonic and internal inspection, and stability tests shall be performed as well. Forgings may be retreated one or more times, but not exceeding three additional times, if the results of mechanical tests fail to meet required values.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated 12 % chromium steel forgings for turbine rotors and shafts.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2005
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A768-95(2001) - Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12% Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Replaced By
ASTM A768/A768M-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM A418/A418M-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005

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ASTM A768/A768M-05 - Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsASTM A768/A768M-05 - Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
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ASTM A768/A768M-05 - Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A768/A768M – 05
Standard Specification for
Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for
1
Turbine Rotors and Shafts
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA768/A768M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
quirements
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated 12 % chro-
mium steel forgings for turbine rotors and shafts.
3. Ordering Information
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
the inquiry and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
description of the forging, including the mechanical test
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
specimen location.
with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. General Requirements
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the requirements of SpecificationA788/A788M which outlines
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
additional ordering information, manufacturing requirements,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
testing and retesting methods and procedures, marking, certi-
fication,productanalysisvariations,andadditionalsupplemen-
2. Referenced Documents
2
tary requirements.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
of Steel Forgings
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
5. Manufacture
A418/A418M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Tur-
5.1 The melting processes of Specification A788/A788M
bine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings
shall be applicable except that the open-hearth or basic oxygen
A472/A472M Specification for Heat Stability of Steam
methods of primary melting shall not be used, and the molten
Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings
steelshallbevacuumdegassedpriortoorduringpouringofthe
ingot.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, 5.1.1 If the ESR process is used, then the electrodes shall
Stainless Steel, and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
have been produced from vacuum degassed primary heat(s).
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
5.2 In addition to the requirements of Specification A788/
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published September 2005. Originally
A788M, it is important to maintain the axial center of the
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A768 – 95 (2001).
DOI: 10.1520/A0768_A0768M-05.
forging in common with the axial center of the original ingot.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.3 Heat Treatment:
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.3.1 The heat treatment for mechanical properties shall
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. consist of quenching and tempering.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A768/A768M – 05
5.3.1.1 The preliminary heat treatment shall consist of 6. Chemical Composition
normalizing well above the transformation temperature range.
6.1 Thesteelshallconformtotherequirementsforchemical
This operation may be performed before preliminary machin-
composition prescribed in Table 2.
ing (see 5.4.1).
6.2 ProductAnalysis—Themanufacturershallmakeaprod-
5.3.1.2 The quenching treatment shall be from above the
uct analysis from each forging. The chemical composition thus
transformation range but below the normalizing temperature
determined shall not vary from the requirements specified in
described in 5.3.1.1. This treatment shall be performed after
Table 1 by more than the amounts prescribed in Specification
preliminary machining (see 5.4.1). A
...

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ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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ASTM A472/A472M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
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ASTM A788/A788M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:    
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Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Included are flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts ordered either to dimensions specified by the purchaser or to dimensional standards such as the MSS, ASME, and API specifications referenced in Section 2. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M. Tubesheets and hollow cylindrical forgings for pressure vessel shells are not included within the scope of this specification. Although this specification covers some piping components machined from rolled bar and seamless tubular products (see 5.2), it does not cover raw material produced in these product forms.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.3 Specification A266/A266M covers other steel forgings and Specifications A675/A675M and A696 cover other steel bars.  
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”  
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ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standard requirements for untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. This specification covers six classes of carbon steels (Class A to F) and seven classes of alloy steels (Class G, H, and J to N). Materials shall be forged by hot mechanical work. Except for Class A, all forgings shall be heat treated, depending on class, by the following techniques: annealed, or normalized, or normalized and tempered (Classes B, C, D, and G); normalized and tempered, or double-normalized and tempered (Class E); quenched and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes F); normalized and tempered (Class H); normalized and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Class J); and normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes K, L, M, and N). Steel specimens shall undergo heat and product analyses, and shall conform to required chemical compositions for manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Steel forgings shall also be tested on their conformance to the following tensile requirements: tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. Other ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements.  
1.2 Hot-rolled or cold finished bars are not within the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (see Section 7), which indicate their required heat treatments, as well as mechanical properties.  
1.4 Provision, with the suffix H for certification and marking, for the supply of forgings after hardness testing only.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements, including those in Specification A788/A788M, of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.  
1.6 Appendix X1 lists the current classes corresponding to the various classes of Specifications A235, A237, and A243, which have been superseded by this specification.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard; within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.8 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification, the forgings shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A705/A705M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use. Materials for forgings shall consist of billets or bars and shall either be forged, rolled, or cast or a section cut from an ingot. The steel specimens shall be solution annealed and age hardened and shall conform to the required values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, hardness and impact Charpy-V. The steel materials shall conform to the required chemical compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, aluminum, molybdenum, titanium, copper, nitrogen, columbium, and tantalum.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
Note 1: Bar products are covered by Specification A564/A564M.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
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  • Technical specification
    8 pages
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ASTM
ASTM A638/A638M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot-finished or cold-finished precipitation hardening iron base superalloy bars, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties of these alloys are developed by suitable solution treating and precipitation hardening treatments. Two grades of iron base alloy are covered; Grade 660 and Grade 662 (bars and forgings). The material shall meet the requirements as to stress rupture properties specified. The material shall conform to the chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot-finished or cold-finished precipitation hardening iron base superalloy bars, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties of these alloys are developed by suitable solution treating and precipitation hardening treatments.  
1.2 Two grades of iron base alloy are covered. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and elevated temperature characteristics.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off