ASTM A1036-04(2020)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials Evaluation—Small single sheet testers were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for various applications. They are especially appropriate for determining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen. Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of the test method Test Method A343/A343M. Small sheet testers are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lamination steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally subjected to an appropriate quality development anneal prior to testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the specific core loss and peak permeability determined using small single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the material being tested and are designed such that the entire width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.
1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.
1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A343/A343M).
1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss. The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.
1.5 Within this guide, a small single sheet tester (small SST) is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5 cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about 36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be appropriate for the particular test fixture.
1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method 1 and Method 2.
1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method A804/A804M, which describes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic yokes that serve as flux return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1 are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in 1.5. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of primary current and induced secondary voltage.
1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester, which employs a magnetizing winding, a magnetic flux sensing winding, and a magnetic field strength detector. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field strength.
1.6.3 The calibration method described in the annex of this guide applies to both test methods.
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may resu...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A1036 − 04 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Guide for
Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-
Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope reluctance,low-corelossferromagneticyokesthatserveasflux
return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1
1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the spe-
are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any
cific core loss and peak permeability determined using small
nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in 1.5.
single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test
The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the
systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the
average value of the product of primary current and induced
material being tested and are designed such that the entire
secondary voltage.
width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.
1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester,
1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of
whichemploysamagnetizingwinding,amagneticfluxsensing
the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at fre-
winding,andamagneticfieldstrengthdetector.Thepowerloss
quencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.
in this case is determined by measuring the average value of
the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field
1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation
with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A343/ strength.
1.6.3 The calibration method described in the annex of this
A343M).
guide applies to both test methods.
1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu
properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test
power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as
standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets.
magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss.
The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet
testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field formance with this standard.
strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.5 Withinthisguide,asmallsinglesheettester(smallSST)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
appropriate for the particular test fixture.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 and Method 2.
1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
A804/A804M, which describes a test fixture having two 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
Magnetic Testing
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on Magnetic
PropertiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA06.01onTestMethods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2020.PublishedJuly2020.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as A1036 – 04 (2015). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/A1036-04R20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A1036 − 04 (2020)
A343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag- tion to the use of double-yoke test fixtures.When selecting test
netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using instrumentation and test power source components for Method
Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Ep-
1, the devices selected for use with small single-sheet test
stein Test Frame
fixtures must have appropriate ranges for these smaller test
A677 Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully
fixtures.
Processed Types
5.2 Test Method 2—Test systems for Method 2 are supplied
A683/A683M SpecificationforNonorientedElectricalSteel,
as complete test systems: test fixture, test power source, and
Semiprocessed Types
complete instrumentation.
A726 Specification for Cold-Rolled Magnetic Lamination
Quality Steel, Semiprocessed Types
6. Procedure
A804/A804M Test Methods for Alternating-Current Mag-
netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using
6.1 Determine Correction Factors—Following the proce-
Sheet-Type Test Specimens
dures given in Annex A1, determine correction factors for the
A840/A840M Specification for Fully Processed Magnetic
grades of material that will be evaluated at the magnetic flux
Lamination Steel
densities at which tests will be performed.The samples used to
determine the correction factors must be typical of the material
3. Terminology
thatwillbeevaluatedsincecorrectionfactorsvarywithclassof
3.1 Definitions:
material, chemical composition, thickness, heat treatment,
3.1.1 General—The definitions of terms, symbols, and con-
grain direction, magnetic flux density, and other physical
version factors relating to magnetic testing found in Terminol-
properties.
ogy A340 are used in the methods in this guide.
6.2 Prepare the Test Specimen—The type of test fixture and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
its dimensions govern the dimensions of permissible test
3.2.1 sheet specimen—a rectangular specimen comprised of
specimens.The minimum length of a specimen shall be no less
a single piece of material or paralleled multiple strips of
than the outside dimension of the distance between pole faces
material arranged in a single layer.
of the test fixture. The amount of projection of the specimen
3.2.2 small single sheet tester—a magnetic tester designed
beyond the pole faces of fixture is not critical but should be no
to determine the magnetic properties of small rectangular
longer than necessary for convenient loading and unloading of
sheet-type specimens.
the specimen. For maximum accuracy, the specimen width
should, as nearly as practicable, be the maximum that can be
4. Significance and Use
accommodated by the opening of the test coil.As a minimum,
4.1 Materials Evaluation—Small single sheet testers were
it is recommended that the specimen width be at least one half
developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for
of the maximum width that can be accommodated by the test
various applications. They are especially appropriate for deter-
coil.
mining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient
6.2.1 Specimens with length and width appropriate for the
material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen.
small single sheet tester shall be cut by a suitable method. The
Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of
specimens shall be as rectangular as practicable. Excessive
the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of
burr and mechanical distortion must be avoided when prepar-
the test method Test Method A343/A343M. Small sheet testers
ing the test specimens. Specimens may be subjected to any
are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully
desired heat treatment.
processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lami-
nation steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally
6.3 Make Initial Determinations—Depending upon the test
subjectedtoanappropriatequalitydevelopmentannealpriorto
equipment used, the appropriate measured values of length,
testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate
width, thickness, or mass, or combinations thereof, of the
oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief
specimen must be determined prior to conducting magnetic
annealed condition.
tests. These measured values are needed to set up the instru-
ment for conducting tests. When mass is required, it shall be
5. Apparatus
determined using a balance capable of measuring the specimen
5.1 Test Method 1—The apparatus for Test Method 1 in-
mass with an uncertainty less than 0.1 %. The length or width
cludes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test
of the specimen shall be measured by any suitable method with
specimen(amagnetizingwindingandaflux-sensingsecondary
an uncertainty less than 0.1 %.
winding) and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic
6.3.1 Cross-sectional Area—The preferred method of deter-
yokes that serve as flux return paths. Such a test fixture may be
mining cross-sectional area is the mass-density method. Some
constructed by following the instructions given inAnnexA1 of
test systems may require that the width and thickness of the
Test Method A804/A804M. The test power and instrumenta-
specimen be entered into the test instrument and others may
tion for this method are described as Test Method 1 in Test
require that the cross-sectional area be entered. The cross-
Method A804/A804M. The primary difference between the
sectional area is determined using the following equation:
tests covered by this guide and Test Method 1 of Test Method
A804/A804M are the dimensions of the yokes and the limita- A 5 m/ lδ (1)
~ !
A1036 − 04 (2020)
where: 6.4.2 Method 2—Follow the instrument manufacturer’s in-
structions to determine the uncorrected core losses or uncor-
A = cross-sectional area of specimen, cm ,
rected magnetic field strengths, or both, at the desired flux
m = total mass of specimen, g,
l = actual length of specimen, cm, and
densities.
δ = assumed density of specimen material, g/cm .
6.5 Apply Correction Factors—Using the appropriate cor-
Whenrequired,thethicknessmaybedeterminedbydividing
rection factors for the test specimen and test magnetic flux
the cross-sectional area by the width.
density, correct the uncorrected core losses and uncorrected
6.3.2 Alternate Cross-sectional Area—Although the mass-
magnetic field strengths determined using the small single-
density method of determining the cross-sectional area is the
sheet tester (according to either Method 1 or Method 2) using
preferred method, direct measurement of the thickness and
the equations below:
width of the test specimen is an alternate method. When the
thickness is measured directly with a micrometer, the length of P 5 K P (2)
C~B;ƒ! l a
the specimen does not need to be measured. Direct measure-
where:
ment of the thickness is likely to increase the uncertainty of
P = corrected specific core loss, W/lb [W/kg],
measurements, especially for specimens that have applied C(B;ƒ)
K = correction factor for core loss at specified test
coatings, have rough surfaces, or are very thin (less than about l
conditions, and
0.018 in. [0.50 mm]). If direct thickness measurement is used
P = uncorrected specific core loss by yoke fixture test,
a
when testing specimens, direct thickness measurement should
W/lb [W/kg].
also be used when making measurements with the small sheet
tester to determine calibration constants (the corresponding
H 5 K H (3)
P 2 a
Epstein tests are always to be conducted according to Test
where:
Method A343/A343M).
H = corrected peak magnetic field strength, Oe [A/m],
P
6.4 Perform Tests:
K = correction factor for magnetic field strength at speci-
6.4.1 Method 1—Follow the procedures for conducting tests
fied test conditions, and
according to Sections 9 though 11 of Test Method A804/
H = uncorrected peak magnetic field strength by yoke
a
A804M to determine the uncorrected core losses or uncor-
fixture test, Oe [A/m].
rected magnetic field strengths, or both, at the desired flux
densities. When computing the uncorrected core loss and
7. Keywords
uncorrected magnetic field strength, the effective path length
7.1 alternating current; core loss; electrical steel; flux den-
should be the distance between the inner edges of the flux-
sity; magnetic; magnetic material; magnetic test; permeability;
return yokes measured in the direction of the flux path in the
test specimen. power frequency; sheet
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. CALIBRATION OF SMALL SINGLE SHEET TESTERS (SSTs)
A1.1 This calibration procedure uses specimens that are [30 mm]. The minimum length of each specimen shall be 28
suitable for testing using a 25-cm Epstein frame. These cm [280 mm]. The number of strips in each specimen shall be
specimens are composed of strips that are typically longer than a multiple of four and a minimum of twelve.
the normal test specimen for the SST being calibrated. The
A1.3 Each specimen shall be tested in a 25-cm Epstein
single sheet testers described in both methods discussed in this
frame in accordance with test method Test Method A343/
guide are considered to be insensitive to excess specimen
A343M. The magnetic properties to be determined are those
length. If the specimens are longer than the distance between
which the SST will be used to measure routinely when
the outside edges of the yoke, the portion of the specimen that
calibrated.
extends beyond the yoke should be supported to avoid stress.
A1.4 Each specimen shall be tested in the SST.Amaximum
A1.2 The specimens used to calibrate the
...
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