ASTM C945-81(1993)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Design Considerations and Spray Application of a Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Insulation System on Outdoor Service Vessels
Standard Practice for Design Considerations and Spray Application of a Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Insulation System on Outdoor Service Vessels
SCOPE
1.1 This practice concerns itself with the substrate preparation and priming, the selection of the rigid cellular polyurethane system, and the protective insulation coatings for outdoor service equipment.
Note 1--For the purpose of this practice, polyurethane is defined to mean either polyurethane or polyisocyanurate and is hereafter referred to as "PUR/PIR."
1.2 The values given in inch-pound are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: C 945 – 81 (Reapproved 1993)
Standard Practice for
Design Considerations and Spray Application of a Rigid
Cellular Polyurethane Insulation System on Outdoor Service
Vessels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope TM-01-70 Visual Surface Preparation Panels
1.1 This practice concerns itself with the substrate prepara-
3. Terminology
tion and priming, the selection of the rigid cellular polyure-
3.1 Definitions—Definitions included in Terminology
thane system, and the protective insulation coatings for outdoor
C 168, Definitions D 883, and Abbreviations D 1600 apply to
service equipment.
the terms used in this standard.
NOTE 1—For the purpose of this practice, polyurethane is defined to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mean either polyurethane or polyisocyanurate and is hereafter referred to
3.2.1 blasting—the process of cleaning surfaces by use of
as “PUR/PIR.”
abrasive particles propelled at high velocity upon the surface to
1.2 The values given in inch-pound are to be regarded as the
be cleaned.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2.2 coatings/coverings—ultraviolet ray-absorbing and
only.
water-shedding protective materials applied over the urethane
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
foam.
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
3.2.3 density:
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
3.2.3.1 in-place density—the weight per unit volume of the
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
cross section of foam from substrate to exposed surface,
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
including all skins (or surfaces).
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3.2 core density—the weight per unit volume of a single
layer of foam excluding top and bottom skins or (if present)
2. Referenced Documents
interlayer skins.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.4 foam system—appropriate formulations of two liquid
C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulating Materi-
components, polyisocyanate, or A side, and polyol, or B side,
als
for intended applications.
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3.2.5 ignition barrier—cement plaster or equivalent
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
coating/covering providing a resistance to ignition of the foam
Plastics
insulation acceptable to the concerned building or fire depart-
D 2200 Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting
ment(s), or both. (Designated UL test is optional.)
Steel Surfaces
4. Significance and Use
2.2 American National Standards:
Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and
4.1 This practice facilitates the selection and application of
Face Protection
an insulation system for use at service temperatures be-
2.3 Clemtex Limited Standard:
tween − 30 and + 107°C (−22 and + 225°F). Although the
“Anchor Pattern Standard”
successful installation of spray-applied PUR/PIR is influenced
2.4 National Association of Corrosion Engineers Standard:
by many factors, this practice treats those four areas found to
be of major importance:
(1) Substrate preparation,
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal
(2) Substrate priming,
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on Insulation
Systems.
(3) Insulation application, and
Current edition approved Feb. 27, 1981. Published October 1981.
(4) Protective coatings.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
4.2 Abrasive blasting, primer application, spray application
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Available from the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1440 S. Creek
Available from Clemtex Ltd., P.O. Box 15214, Houston, TX 77020. Dr., Houston, TX 77084.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 945
of the insulation, and protective coating application each 6.2 All welding, burning, etc., shall be completed prior to
contribute their unique health and safety hazards to the job site the blasting operation.
and will be dealt with in more detail under their respective 6.3 Remove any grease or oil with a petroleum solvent or
headings. water-detergent solution. All flux, spatter, slag, or other lami-
nations left from welding must be chipped or ground off.
5. Substrate Preparation
Rough welds and other sharp projections should be ground
5.1 Proper substrate preparation is mandatory to obtain a
smooth by the fabricator prior to the blasting operation.
successful foam application. These preparation methods must
6.4 Sandblast sand shall be sharp, graded flint or silica sand
remove any contaminants that will interfere with development
(16 to 30 mesh). Where inorganic zinc coatings are applied, the
of the maximum adhesion of the urethane foam. The method(s)
surface preparation shall be abrasive blasted using 16 to
chosen are dependent upon the contaminants present on the
30-mesh sand, G40 to 50 grit, or an equivalent abrasive that
surface and the end-use design service temperature.
will provide a similar surface profile. All abrasives shall be free
5.1.1 Previously Coated Iron and Steel Surfaces—The ad-
of all dust, dirt, and other foreign matter. They shall be kept dry
hesion of spray-applied urethane to previously coated surfaces
and free of oil at all times.
is directly influenced by the age, type, and condition of the
MANDATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY
surface. For this reason any coating that exhibits chalking,
PRECAUTIONS FOR BLASTING OPERATIONS
peeling, or other evidence of failure or damage must be
removed and an appropriate primer applied. Abrasive blasting
6.4.1 Effective oil and water traps shall be used to ensure
is recommended. If blasting is to be accomplished, all items
clean, dry air supply to the abrasive pot. Water shall be
listed under Section 6 should be followed. In all cases, the
continuously bled from the moisture trap.
coated substrate must be cleaned and free of rust, grease, oil,
6.4.2 A “dead-man” valve shall be used on all blast nozzles.
dirt, dust, moisture, etc., immediately prior to foam spraying by
6.4.3 All blast hoses shall have an antistatic lining.
one or more of the following methods: (a) wash with water and
6.4.4 All blast nozzles shall be properly grounded.
allow to dry, (b) brush, (c) broom, or (d) air blast.
6.4.5 Nozzle blast operators exposed to blasting dust shall
5.1.2 New Iron or Steel Surfaces—Field blasting and prim-
wear a U.S. Bureau of Mines-approved helmet connected to a
ing is recommended. All blasting is to be accomplished in
clean, breathable compressed air source.
accordance with items listed in Section 6. Shop preparation is
6.4.6 All others exposed to blasting dust shall wear a U.S.
also acceptable with proper field surface preparation of the
Bureau of Mines-approved filter-type respirator. Adequate
weld joints and all damaged areas. In all cases, the substrate to
personnel protection from flying particles shall be provided in
be sprayed with foam shall be free of rust, grease, oil, loose
any blasting operation.
particles, and mill scale, moisture, dirt, etc. After priming is
6.4.7 If at any time the blasting equipment and material
complete, all areas that are specified to be insulated shall be
specifications are not being met, the owner may suspend the
washed with water and allowed to dry, brushed, broomed, or
operation.
air-blasted prior to applying the insulation.
6.4.8 Blasted surfaces shall not be allowed to become wet or
dulled by oxidation to a point where visible rusting has
NOTE 2—Caution: Be sure the primer is useable at the design tempera-
occurred.
ture and acceptable under the foam insulation.
6.4.9 All surfaces shall be primed during the same day that
5.1.3 Galvanized Metal Surfaces—Clean with an acceptable
they are blasted.
solvent, wash with water to remove deposits, spray with an
6.4.10 Surface cleanliness and profile depth shall be suitable
acceptable wash primer, and then coat all areas with an
for the metal primer to be used. These conditions shall be
acceptable primer or coating.
monitored in accordance with the visual comparison methods
NOTE 3—This procedure is not always required depending on the age of
specified herein.
the metal, exposure, and use.
6.4.11 Surfaces inspected and found to not meet the criteria
outlined in 6.1-6.4 must be blasted again.
5.1.4 Aluminum Surfaces—Degrease with appropriate sol-
vents. Coat the clean, dry surface with a recommended primer
7. Selection of Metal Primer
or coating.
7.1 The following items should be considered when choos-
5.1.5 Stainless Steel Surfaces—Degrease with appropriate
ing a metal primer:
solvents. Coat the clean, dry surface with a recommended
7.1.1 Surface preparation required,
primer or coating. (Chloride-free materials are recommended
7.1.2 Foam adhesion, substrate adhesion, and heat resis-
on surfaces operating above 140°F (60°C).)
tance at the maximum and minimum vessel operating tempera-
6. Recommended Blasting Procedures
tures, and
6.1 All surfaces to be primed or coated shall be prepared to 7.1.3 Corrosion resistance to spilled vessel contents.
the degree of cleanliness and surface profile as recommended 7.2 Listed below are general application recommendations,
by the primer supplier. Pictorial D 2200 shall be used as the which may vary depending on the type of primer selected:
standard. Blast-cleaned surface acceptance will be by one or 7.2.1 The manufacturer’s recommendations for thinning,
more of the following visual comparison methods:“ Anchor mixing, handling, and applying his products shall be consid-
Pattern Standards” NACE Visual Surface Preparation Panels ered a part of this practice.
(Standard TM-01-70), and Pictorial D 2200. 7.2.2 All bolts, welds, faying surfaces, sharp edges, and
C 945
difficult access areas shall receive a primer spot-coat prior to 8.4.2 Dimensional stability under simulated service condi-
primer spray application. tions,
7.2.3 The primer shall be applied in a fashion to obtain 8.4.3 Combustibility characteristics,
complete coverage. 8.4.4 Application conditions (substrate and ambient tem-
7.2.4 Primer shall not be applied during rain, snow, fog, peratures, etc.),
mist, high relative humidity, or low metal temperatures. The 8.4.5 History of similar application or laboratory data relat-
relative humidity and dew point shall be determined at the job ing to the application in question,
site using a surface thermometer and wet/dry bulb sling 8.4.6 Compressive strength,
psychrometer.
8.4.7 Adhesion to substrate, and
7.2.4.1 Priming of the metal should not be permitted when
8.4.8 Thermal resistance.
the temperature of the metal is at or below the dew point or 8.5 Handling of Foam System Materials:
above the dew point and falling with the temperature expected
8.5.1 Materials shall be stored in accordance with the
to reach the dew point before the application is complete.
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Priming should be permitted when the temperature is above the
8.5.2 All materials associated with the foam system shall be
dew point and rising or expected to remain above the dew point
delivered to the job site in unopened standard commercial
while application is taking place.
containers bearing the manufacturer’s original label with the
7.2.5 Primer shall be applied to a clean, dry substrate free of
following information:
dirt, sand, and loose foreign matter.
8.5.2.1 Name of manufacturer,
7.2.6 The substrate shall be prepared in accordance with
8.5.2.2 Name of contents,
Section 5 prior to metal primer application. Any metal oxidiz-
8.5.2.3 Net weight of contents,
ing or developing rust prior to primer application shall be
8.5.2.4 Lot or batch number,
returned to the specified degree of surface preparation.
8.5.2.5 Recommended storage temperature range,
7.2.7 After the primer has been applied and allowed to dry,
8.5.2.6 A “caution” label giving safety instructions for
inspect the primer for holidays and adequate dry film thickness.
handling and storage temperature range,
Where inadequate dry film thickness or holidays exist, addi-
8.5.2.7 Mixing instructions, and
tional material shall be applied or the surface reconditioned and
8.5.2.8 Listing agency label, if applicable, plus Certificate
the primer reapplied. Same as 7.2.6.
of Conformance. The contractor shall keep a record of this
7.2.8 Primer spray application equipment shall be that
information throughout the guarantee period.
recommended by the coating manufacturer. Compressed air
8.5.3 Containers shall not be opened until ready for imme-
sources shall have moisture traps. Before spray application
diate use. Undue agitation of containers shall be avoided.
begins, all hoses and guns shall be solvent-flushed and in-
8.5.4 In the case of bulk shipments, the spray foam contrac-
spected to ensure that no moisture is present.
tor may transfer each of the urethane components into appro-
7.2.9 All flames, sparks, welding, and smoking shall be
priately sized clean dry containers or containers that have
prohibited in the application area.
previously contained the same material. Care shall be taken to
7.2.10 All affected items, in the surrounding area, shall be
exclude moisture pick-up during transfer operations and each
protected from overspray.
container shall be blanketed with an inert, dry atmosphere.
7.2.11 Spray guns must be held perpendicular to the surface
8.6 Application of Spray Foam:
being painted and adjusted so that dry overspray is minimized.
8.6.1 Manufacturer’s application instructions should be fol-
lowed at all times. Only qualified applicators with prior
8. Selection of the Foam System
experience spraying the specified foam system should be used.
Prior to application of the spray foam, the contractor shall
8.1 A wide range of foam systems is available in various
apply a test area to one of the vessels to be insulated. This area
densities, each exhibiting different temperature limitations,
shall be checked for:
combustibility characteristics, etc. The use of these systems in
8.6.1.1 General foam surface appearance,
combination with each other or with conventional insulation
products offer a broad range of economical installations. 8.6.1.2 Specified foam thickness,
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