ASTM D4040-10

Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Apparent viscosity at the relatively high shear rate of 2500 s−1 does not completely define the rheological properties of printing inks but is useful in the practical control of ink viscosity during production and the specification acceptance between supplier and purchaser.
The slope of the power law plot is the preferred measure of non-Newtonianism. The yield value, which is obtained by extrapolation of high-shear measurements to a shear rate approaching zero, does not conform to the definition of the true yield stress (see 3.1.7). The yield value and other low shear parameters are also subject to a high degree of variability (see the precision table in Section 17).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian behavior of printing inks, vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room conditions.
1.2 For printing inks, which are typically non-Newtonian, this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity range from about 10 to 300 P at a shear rate of 2500 s−1. For Newtonian liquids, the applicable viscosity range is about 10 to 1000 P (1 P = 0.1 Pa·s).
1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in which shear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to the rod. A fully automatic instrument is described in Test Method D6606.
1.4 This test method, as does Test Method D6606, bases calculations on the power law model of viscosity. ISO 12644 covers not only the power law but also the Casson and Bingham models.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2010
• ICS: 87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.56 - Printing Inks

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4040-05 - Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM D4040-10(2019) - Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Referred By: ASTM D5165-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Gelled Vehicles Using a Resin Kettle
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7188-05(2019) - Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D6336-11(2021) - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Flushing Vehicles for Pigment Wetting Using a Vacuum Modified Sigma Blade Mixer
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7394-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Rheological Characterization of Architectural Coatings using Three Rotational Bench Viscometers
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4040 − 10
Standard Test Method for
Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the
1
Falling-Rod Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
ity)
the falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian behav-
D6606Test Method for Viscosity and Yield of Vehicles and
ior of printing inks, vehicles, and similar liquids that are
Varnishes by the Duke Viscometer
essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room
2.2 Other Standards:
conditions.
ISO 12644Graphic Technology—Determination of rheo-
1.2 For printing inks, which are typically non-Newtonian,
logical properties of paste inks and vehicles by the falling
this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity range
rod viscometer
−1
from about 10 to 300 P at a shear rate of 2500 s . For
Newtonianliquids,theapplicableviscosityrangeisabout10to
3. Terminology
1000 P (1 P=0.1 Pa·s).
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in which
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, V ,n—the viscosity of a non-
D
shear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to the
Newtonian fluid at a particular shear rate D.
rod. A fully automatic instrument is described in Test Method −1
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Ashearrateof2500s hasbeenfound
D6606.
useful for printing inks and is specified in this test method.
1.4 This test method, as does Test Method D6606, bases
3.1.2 Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscosity is
calculations on the power law model of viscosity. ISO 12644
constant at all shear rates.
covers not only the power law but also the Casson and
3.1.3 non-Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscos-
Bingham models.
ity varies with shear rate.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Non-Newtonain liquids may be either
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) or shear-thickening (dilatant).
standard.
Most printing inks are shear-thinning.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 shear rate, D, n—velocity gradient through the
−1
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
stressed liquid; the unit is 1/s or 1 s .
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Inthefalling-rodviscometer,shearrate
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
is inversely proportional to fall time F per unit distance L over
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
which a unit thickness x of the liquid is stressed: D= L/xF.
statements, see Section 8.
3.1.5 shear stress, S, n—shearing force per unit area; the
2 2
unit is 1 g/cm·s (1 dyne/cm ).
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In the falling-rod viscometer, shear
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
stressisproportionaltototalweight Wperunitofshearingarea
A times the gravitational constant g, in accordance with the
equation: S= Wg/A.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplicationsand is the direct responsibility of 3.1.6 viscosity, V, n—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate.
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The viscosity of a liquid is a measure
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally
of the internal friction of the liquid in motion. The cgs unit of
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4040–05. DOI:
2
viscosity is 1 g/cm·s (1 dyne·s/cm ) and is called a poise. The
10.1520/D4040-10.
2
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
SI unit is 1 N·s/cm and is equal to 10 P.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.7 yield stress, S ,n—the minimum shear stress required
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on o
the ASTM website. to initiate motion in a non-Newtonian liquid.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4040 − 10
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 4.2 Fall times are corrected to a reference temperature of
3.2.1 Lehman yield value, n—calculated yield stress based 25°C (or
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4040–05 Designation:D4040–10
Standard Test Method for
Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the
1
Falling-Rod Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1This1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian
behavior of printing inks, vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room
conditions.
1.2 For printing inks, which are typically non-Newtonian, this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity range from
−1
about10to300Patashearrateof2500s .ForNewtonianliquids,theapplicableviscosityrangeisabout10to1000P(1P=0.1
Pa·s).
1.3This1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in which shear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to
the rod. A fully automatic instrument is described in Test Method D6606.
1.4This1.4 This test method, as does Test Method D6606, bases calculations on the power law model of viscosity. ISO 12644
covers not only the power law but also the Casson and Bingham models.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D6606 Test Method for Viscosity and Yield of Vehicles and Varnishes by the Duke Viscometer
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 12644 Graphic Technology—Determination of rheological properties of paste inks and vehicles by the falling rod
Vviscometer
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, V , n—the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid at a particular shear rate D.
D
−1
3.1.1.1 Discussion—A shear rate of 2500 s has been found useful for printing inks and is specified in this test method.
3.1.2 Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscosity is constant at all shear rates.
3.1.3 non-Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscosity varies with shear rate.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Non-Newtonain liquids may be either shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) or shear-thickening (dilatant). Most
printing inks are shear-thinning.
−1
3.1.4 shear rate, D, n—velocity gradient through the stressed liquid; the unit is 1/s or 1 s .
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In the falling-rod viscometer, shear rate is inversely proportional to fall time F per unit distance L over
which a unit thickness x of the liquid is stressed: D= L/xF.
2 2
3.1.5 shear stress, S, n—shearing force per unit area; the unit is 1 g/cm·s (1 dyne/cm ).
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Inthefalling-rodviscometer,shearstressisproportionaltototalweight Wperunitofshearingarea Atimes
the gravitational constant g, in accordance with the equation: S= Wg/A.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay15,2005.PublishedJuly2005.Originallyapprovedin1981.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1999asD4040–99.DOI:10.1520/D4040-05.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4040–05. DOI:
10.1520/D4040-10.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4040–10
3.1.6 viscosity, V, n—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of the internal friction of the
...