ASTM D5886-95(2006)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods to Determine Rate of Fluid Permeation Through Geomembranes for Specific Applications
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods to Determine Rate of Fluid Permeation Through Geomembranes for Specific Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The principal characteristic of geomembranes is their intrinsically low permeability to a broad range of gases, vapors, and liquids, both as single-component fluids and as complex mixtures of many constituents. As low permeable materials, geomembranes are being used in a wide range of engineering applications in geotechnical, environmental, and transportation areas as barriers to control the migration of mobile fluids and their constituents. The range of potential permeants is broad and the service conditions can differ greatly. This guide shows users test methods available for determining the permeability of geomembranes to various permeants.
The transmission of various species through a geomembrane is subject to many factors that must be assessed in order to be able to predict its effectiveness for a specific service. Permeability measurements are affected by test conditions, and measurements made by one method cannot be translated from one application to another. A wide variety of permeability tests have been devised to measure the permeability of polymeric materials; however, only a limited number of these procedures have been applied to geomembranes. Test conditions and procedures should be selected to reflect actual service requirements as closely as possible. It should be noted that field conditions may be difficult to model or maintain in the laboratory. This may impact apparent performance of geomembrane samples.
This guide discusses the mechanism of permeation of mobile chemical species through geomembranes and the permeability tests that are relevant to various types of applications and permeating species. Specific tests for the permeability of geomembranes to both single-component fluids and multicomponent fluids that contain a variety of permeants are described and discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers selecting one or more appropriate test methods to assess the permeability of all candidate geomembranes for a proposed specific application to various permeants. The widely different uses of geomembranes as barriers to the transport and migration of different gases, vapors, and liquids under different service conditions require determinations of permeability by test methods that relate to and simulate the service. Geomembranes are nonporous homogeneous materials that are permeable in varying degrees to gases, vapors, and liquids on a molecular scale in a three-step process (1) by dissolution in or absorption by the geomembrane on the upstream side, (2) diffusion through the geomembrane, and (3) desorption on the downstream side of the barrier.
1.2 The rate of transmission of a given chemical species, whether as a single permeant or in mixtures, is driven by its chemical potential or in practical terms by its concentration gradient across the geomembrane. Various methods to assess the permeability of geomembranes to single component permeants, such as individual gases, vapors, and liquids are referenced and briefly described.
1.3 Various test methods for the measurement of permeation and transmission through geomembranes of individual species in complex mixtures such as waste liquids are discussed.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D5886 – 95 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Selection of Test Methods to Determine Rate of Fluid
Permeation Through Geomembranes for Specific
1
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D814 Test Method for Rubber Property—Vapor Transmis-
sion of Volatile Liquids
1.1 Thisguidecoversselectingoneormoreappropriatetest
D815 Method of Testing Coated Fabrics Hydrogen Per-
methods to assess the permeability of all candidate geomem-
3
meance
branes for a proposed specific application to various per-
D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability
meants.Thewidelydifferentusesofgeomembranesasbarriers
Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
to the transport and migration of different gases, vapors, and
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
liquids under different service conditions require determina-
D4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
tionsofpermeabilitybytestmethodsthatrelatetoandsimulate
by Permittivity
the service. Geomembranes are nonporous homogeneous ma-
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
terials that are permeable in varying degrees to gases, vapors,
Materials
and liquids on a molecular scale in a three-step process (1)by
F372 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of
dissolution in or absorption by the geomembrane on the
Flexible Barrier Materials Using an Infrared Detection
upstream side, (2) diffusion through the geomembrane, and (3)
3
Technique
desorption on the downstream side of the barrier.
F739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases
1.2 The rate of transmission of a given chemical species,
through Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions of
whether as a single permeant or in mixtures, is driven by its
Continuous Contact
chemical potential or in practical terms by its concentration
gradient across the geomembrane. Various methods to assess
3. Terminology
the permeability of geomembranes to single component per-
3.1 Definitions:
meants, such as individual gases, vapors, and liquids are
3.1.1 downstream, n—the space adjacent to the geomem-
referenced and briefly described.
brane through which the permeant is flowing.
1.3 Varioustestmethodsforthemeasurementofpermeation
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-
and transmission through geomembranes of individual species
synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. (See
in complex mixtures such as waste liquids are discussed.
Terminology D4439.)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In geotechnical engineering, essen-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tially impermeable means that no measurable liquid flows
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
through a geosynthetic when tested in accordance with Test
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Methods D4491.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
2. Referenced Documents polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
2
technical engineering-related material as an integral part of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
man-made project, structure, or system. (See Terminology
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
D4439.)
3.1.4 permeability, n—the rate of flow under a differential
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ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD35onGeosynthetics
pressure, temperature, or concentration of a gas, liquid, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
vapor through a material. (Modified from Test Methods
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
D4491.)
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D5886–95 (2001).
DOI: 10.1520/D5886-95R06.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D5886 – 95 (2006)
3.1.5 permeant, n—achemicalspecies,gas,liquid,orvapor geomembranes, but the ions are not transmitted. Thus, the
that can pass through a substance. water that is transmitted through a hole-free geomembrane
d
...
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