ASTM D4848-98(2018)

Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of technical terms related to force and deformation properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile. (See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship of the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Terminology D123.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2018
• ICS: 01.040.59 - Textile and leather technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 59.080.01 - Textiles in general
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4848-98(2012) - Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Refers: ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D123-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D5344-99(2011) - Standard Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM D1578-93(2011) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
• Effective Date: 01-May-2011
• Refers: ASTM D123-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2009
• Refers: ASTM D123-09e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2009
• Refers: ASTM D123-09e2 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2009

Overview

ASTM D4848-98(2018), Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles, provides a comprehensive collection of definitions for technical terms used when evaluating the force and deformation characteristics of textile materials, particularly as observed in stress-strain testing. Developed under the direction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles, this terminology standard supports consistency and clarity in the language used throughout textile mechanics, research, testing, and product specification. The standard ensures alignment with international best practices and principles as recognized by the WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Key Topics

• Force and Deformation in Textiles
  Covers fundamental terms such as force, tension, compression, and deformation as they relate to textile materials. Definitions include distinctions between terms (e.g., “breaking force” vs. “breaking strength”) and guidance on correct usage.

• Stress-Strain and Related Curves
  Defines graphical representations like stress-strain curves, force-elongation curves, and force-deformation curves. These are central tools for analyzing material behavior under various loads.

• Testing Parameters and Results
  Standardizes terminology related to textile physical testing, such as breaking elongation, modulus (initial, chord, tangent), tenacity, toughness, and yield point.

• Deprecated and Preferred Terms
  Identifies frequently used but outdated terms, providing preferred modern equivalents for enhanced clarity and international alignment (e.g., “load” replaced with “force”).

Applications

This standard is essential for:

• Laboratory Testing and Quality Control
  Provides the definitive language for documenting results from tensile, compression, and deformation tests. Laboratories can report outcomes consistently, supporting product development and comparative studies.

• Textile Product Design and Specification
  Enables engineers, designers, and manufacturers to specify properties such as strength, elasticity, and toughness with precision, ensuring that products meet required performance standards.

• Research and Development
  Facilitates clear communication in scientific research regarding the mechanical properties of fibers, yarns, and fabrics, aiding in innovation and material improvement.

• Procurement and Regulatory Compliance
  Assists buyers and regulators by ensuring that property claims and test results are defined and understood consistently on a global scale.

• International Trade and Standardization
  Harmonizes the technical vocabulary in contracts, certifications, and cross-border transactions, reducing misunderstandings and trade barriers.

Related Standards

• ASTM D123 - Terminology Relating to Textiles: A broader compilation of textile terms that complements ASTM D4848.
• ASTM D1578 - Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form: Utilizes many terms defined in D4848 for yarn strength testing.
• ASTM D5344 - Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn: Applies deformation and force-related terminology standardized by D4848.
• Other International Standards: Aligns with ISO and other international standards for textiles, aiding global consistency.

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Keywords: ASTM D4848, textile force terminology, textile deformation properties, stress-strain curves, textile testing, ASTM standards, textile mechanical properties, tensile strength, modulus, fabric strength.

Value: By standardizing the language for force and deformation properties in textiles, ASTM D4848-98(2018) ensures reliable communication, accurate reporting, and global compatibility in textile science, engineering, and commerce.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4848 − 98 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Terminology Related to
Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
DISCUSSION—Materials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-
1. Scope
mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximum
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-
force before rupturing.
tions of technical terms related to force and deformation
breaking load—deprecated term. Use the preferred term
properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile.
breaking force.
(See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.)Achart showing the relationship of
the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally
breaking point, n—on a force-elongation curve, or stress-
understood or adequately defined in other readily available
strain curve,thepointcorrespondingwiththebreakingforce
sources are not included.
or the breaking stress in a tensile test. (Compare breaking
1.2 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Termi-
force.)
nology D123.
breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of breaking
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
force. (See also breaking force and strength. Syn., strength
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
at break)
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity at the breaking force. (See
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
also breaking force, tenacity.)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
breaking toughness, n—toughness up to the breaking force of
a material.
2. Referenced Documents
2 DISCUSSION—Breaking toughness is represented by the area and the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
stress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking force per unit length,
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
and, in textile strands, is expressed as work (joules) per unit of linear
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
density of the material. In textile fabrics, the unit is joules per gram.
Form
chord modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the ratio of the
D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-
changeinstresstothechangeinstrainbetweentwospecified
ented Yarn
points on the curve.
3. Terminology
compression, n—the act, process, or result of compacting,
break factor, n— in yarn testing, the comparative breaking condensing, or concentrating.
load of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the
compressive force, n—the perpendicular force applied to
yarn expressed in an indirect system. [D13.58] D1578
surface(s) of a material in compaction.
breaking elongation—See elongation at break.
compression recovery, n—the degree to which a material
breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material
returns to its original dimension(s) after removal of a
carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breaking
compressive force.
strength. Syn. force-at-break)
compression resistance, n—the ability of a material to oppose
deformation under a compressive force.
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers
corresponding elongation—See elongation at specified force.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally
corresponding force—See force-at-specified-elongation.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4848 – 98(2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D4848-98R18.
deformation, n—a change in shape of a material caused by
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
forces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
DISCUSSION—Deformation may be immediate or delayed. Delayed
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. deformation may be either recoverable or nonrecoverable.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4848 − 98 (2018)
TABLE 1 Relationship of Force and Deformation Terms
extension, n—the change in length of a material due to
Mathematical stretching. (Compare elongation.)
Term Symbol Unit
Expression
DISCUSSION—Extension may be measured at any specified force or at
Length L mm (in.) ruptureandisexpressedinunitsoflength,forexample,millimetresand
Extension ∆L mm (in.)
inches.
Strain ∆L/L
Elongation ∆L/L × 100 %
extension force, n—the force required to stretch a material to
A
Linear density D tex (den)
a given length. [D13.58] D5344
2 2
Cross-sectionalAmm (in. )
area
extension-recovery cycle, n—in tension testing, the continu-
Force F N (lbf)
Tension T N (lbf) ous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at a
Strength S N (lbf)
specifiedextension,followedbyacontrolledrateofreturnto
A B
Tenacity F/D mN/tex (lbf/den)
2 2 B zero extension.
Stress F/A N/m (lbf/yd )
A
In computers, this may be given as “LD” instead of “D ”.
1 failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases
B 2
For fibers, these inch-pound units are usually gf/den and gf/in.
to be functionally capable of its intended use. (Compare
rupture.)
DISCUSSION—A material may be considered to have failed without
having ruptured.
deformation, permanent, n—the net long-term change in a
force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on another
dimension of a specimen after deformation and relaxation
which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to move
under specified conditions. (Syn. permanent set, nonrecov-
and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
erable deformation, and nonrecoverable stretch.
(Compare strength.)
DISCUSSION—Permanent deformation is usually expressed as a per-
DISCUSSION—Forceisproperlyexpressedinnewtons(N)ormultiples
centage of the original dimension.
and submultiples of newtons, for example kilonewtons (kN) and
millinewtons (mN). Force is also expressed as grams-force (gf),
delayed deformation, n—deformation which is time-
kilograms-force (kgf), or pounds-force (lbf), but the use of these terms
dependent and exhibited by material subject to a continuing
is deprecated.
force. [D13.58] D4848
force at break, n—See breaking force.
elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the maximum stress which can
force at rupture, n—the force applied to a material immedi-
be obtained in a material without causing permanent defor-
ately preceding rupture. (Compare breaking force. See also
mation of the material. (Compare yield point.)
rupture.)
DISCUSSION—Elastic limit is a property of a material whereas yield
DISCUSSION—Materials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-
point is a specific point on a stress-strain curve.
mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximum
force before rupturing.
elasticity, n—that property of a material by virtue of which it
tends to recover its original size and shape immediately after
force at specified elongation (FASE), n—the force associated
removal of the force causing deformation. with a specific elongation on the force-extension or force-
elongation curve. (Syn. corresponding force.)
elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material to the
length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a force-deformation curve, n—a graphical representation of the
percent.
force and deformation relationship of a material under
DISCUSSION—Elongationmaybemeasuredatanyspecifiedforceorat
conditions of compression, shear, tension or torsion. (Com-
rupture.
pare force-elongation curve, force-extension curve and
stress-strain curve.)
elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the
DISCUSSION—Force-deformation related curves include force-
breaking force. (Compare elongation at rupture. See also
extension, force-compression, force-shear (displacement), force-torque
elongation.) Syn. breaking elongation.
and stress-strain curves. The shape of the force-extension curve of a
material and the shape of the corresponding stress-strain curve are the
elongation at the breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use the
same, only the units are different. Force is expressed in such units as
preferred term elongation at break.
newton, kilogram-force, pound force. In tension, shear or compression
tests, deformation is expressed in such units of length as metre,
elongation at specified force, (EASF), n—the elongation
millimetre or inches. In torsion tests, deformation is expressed in such
associated with a specified force on the force-extension
units for plane angles as radians or degrees.
curve. (Syn. corresponding elongation ).
force-elongation curve, n—a graphical representation of the
elongation at rupture, n—the elongation corresponding to the
forceandelongationrelationshipofamaterialundertension.
force-at-rupture. (Compare elongation at break.)
(Compare force-deformation curve, force-extension curve
DISCUSSION—Theelongationatruptureforabrittlematerialisusually
and stress-strain curve.)
equaltotheelongationatbreak;butforductilematerialsthiselongation
may be greater.
force-extension curve, n—a graphical representation of the
extensibility, n—that property by virtue of which a material force and extension relationship of a material under tension.
can undergo extension or elongation following the applica- (Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongation
tion of sufficient force. curve and stress-strain curve.)
D4848 − 98 (2018)
immediate elastic recovery, n—recoverable deformation recovery tensile strain—See tensile strain recovery.
whichisessentiallyindependentoftime,thatis,occurringin rupture, n—the breaking or tearing apart of a material.
(a time approaching) zero time and recoverable in (a time
(Compare failure.)
approaching) zero time after removal of the applied force. DISCUSSION—As applied to tensile testing, rupture refers to the total
separation of a material into two parts either all at once or in stages, or
(Compare delayed deformation and delayed elastic recov-
the development of a hole in some materials.
ery.)
secant modules, n—deprecated term in textile terminology.
initial modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the slope of the
Use the preferred term chord modulus.
initial straight-line portion of the curve.
single-strand breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the break-
knot breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the breaking force
ing force of one strand that follows a specified path, usually
of a strand having a specified knot configuration tied in the
a straight line, between the clamps of a tensile testing
portion of the strand mounted between the clamps of a
machine. (Compare breaking force.)
tensile testing machine. (Compare knot breaking strength.
See also breaking force.)
single-strand strength, n—deprecated term. Use single-strand
breaking strength.
knot breaking load, n —deprecated term. Use the preferred
term, knot breaking force.
skein break factor, n—the comparative breaking strength of a
skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the yarn
knot breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of
expressed in an indirect system; the product of the breaking
knot breaking force. (See also knot breaking force.)
strength of the skein and the yarn number expressed in an
linear density, n—mass per unit length.
indirect system.
DISCUSSION—A statement of the break factor of the skein must
load—deprecated term. Use the preferred term, force.
indicate the number of wraps in the skein if this is not otherwise
apparent; without information on the number of wraps, a statement of
load, vt—to apply a force.
the break factor is meaningless. Break factor is frequently given other
DISCUSSION—Although the terms load and force are frequently used
designations such as lea count constant, lea product, and breaking ratio.
interchangeablytodenotethesamephe
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