ASTM D6062-07(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Personal Samplers of Health-Related Aerosol Fractions
Standard Guide for Personal Samplers of Health-Related Aerosol Fractions
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The convention to be used is not always straightforward, but generally depends on what part of the respiratory system is affected by the aerosol particles. For example, if an aerosol (for example, silica) is expected to be hazardous mainly in the alveolar regions of the respiratory system, then the respirable convention applies. On the other hand, if an aerosol is extremely soluble (for example, KCN), then the inhalable convention should be used for monitoring or setting exposure limit standards. The conventions are often applied for approximating mass fractions, but they may also be used in the evaluation of total surface area or the number of particles in the collected material.
The conventions have now been adopted by the International Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO TR 7708), the Comit� Europ�en de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The definition of respirable aerosol is the basis for recommended exposure levels (REL) of respirable coal mine dust as promulgated by NIOSH (Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust). The respirable aerosol definition also forms the basis of the NIOSH sampling method for respirable particulates not otherwise regulated (NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods).
The conventions constitute a part of the performance characteristics required of aerosol samplers for collecting aerosol according to the relevant health effects. This guide therefore does not specify particular samplers for measuring the aerosol fractions defined here. Detailed guidelines for evaluating any given sampler relative to the conventions are under preparation. Several advantages over instrument specification can be attributed to the adoption of these performance-associated conventions:
The conventions have a recognized tie to health effects.
Performance criteria permit instrument designers to seek practical sampler improvem...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines conventions for personal samplers of specific particle-size-dependent fractions of any given non-fibrous airborne aerosol. Such samplers are used for assessing health effects and in the setting of and testing for compliance with permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient environment. The conventions have been adopted by the International Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO TR 7708), the Comit� Europ�en de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The conventions were developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed (3) by the ACGIH and in part as a compromise between definitions proposed by the ACGIH (3) and by the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) (4). Conventions are given here for inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions.
1.2 This guide is complementary to Test Method D4532, which describes the performance of a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone, and operational procedures for use. The procedures, specifically the optimal flow rate, are still valid although the estimated accuracy differs somewhat from use with previous aerosol fraction definitions. Details on this instrument and also the Higgins-Dewell cyclone have recently been published (5-7).
1.3 Limitations:
1.3.1 The definitions given here were adopted by the agencies listed in 1.1 in part on the basis of expected health effects of the different size fractions, but in part allowing for available sampling equipment. The original adoption by CEN was, in fact, for the eventual setting of common standards by the EC countries while permitting the use of a variety of instrumentation. Deviations of the sampling conventions from health-related effects are as follows:
1.3.1.1 The inhalable fraction actually depends on the specific air speed and direction, on the breathing rate, and on whether breathing is by nose or mo...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6062 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for
Personal Samplers of Health-Related Aerosol Fractions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6062; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope whether breathing is by nose or mouth.The values given in the
inhalable convention are for representative values of breathing
1.1 This guide defines conventions for personal samplers of
rate and represent averages over all wind directions.
specific particle-size-dependent fractions of any given non-
1.3.1.2 The respirable and thoracic fractions vary from
fibrous airborne aerosol. Such samplers are used for assessing
individual to individual and with the breathing pattern. The
health effects and in the setting of and testing for compliance
conventions are approximations to the average case.
with permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient
1.3.1.3 Each convention applies strictly to a fraction pen-
environment. The conventions have been adopted by the
etrating to a region, rather than depositing. Therefore, samples
International Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO
collected according to the conventions may only approximate
TR 7708), the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN
correlationswithbiologicaleffects.Forexample,therespirable
Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Govern-
2 convention overestimates the fraction of very small particles
mental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The conventions
deposited in the alveolar region of the respiratory system
weredeveloped (2)inpartfromhealth-effectsstudiesreviewed
because some of the particles are actually exhaled without
(3) by the ACGIH and in part as a compromise between
being deposited (8). In many workplaces, these very small
definitions proposed by the ACGIH (3) and by the British
particles contribute insignificantly to the sampled mass.
MedicalResearchCouncil(BMRC) (4).Conventionsaregiven
Furthermore, the large variability between individuals and the
here for inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions.
details of clearance may be as important as this type of effect.
1.2 This guide is complementary to Test Method D4532,
1.3.1.4 The thoracic convention applies to mouth breathing,
whichdescribestheperformanceofaparticularinstrument,the
for which aerosol collection is greater than during nose
10-mm cyclone, and operational procedures for use. The
breathing.
procedures, specifically the optimal flow rate, are still valid
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
although the estimated accuracy differs somewhat from use
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
with previous aerosol fraction definitions. Details on this
only.
instrument and also the Higgins-Dewell cyclone have recently
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
been published (5-7).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 Limitations:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3.1 The definitions given here were adopted by the agen-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
cies listed in 1.1 in part on the basis of expected health effects
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of the different size fractions, but in part allowing for available
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
sampling equipment. The original adoption by CEN was, in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
fact, for the eventual setting of common standards by the EC
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
countries while permitting the use of a variety of instrumenta-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tion. Deviations of the sampling conventions from health-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
related effects are as follows:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3.1.1 The inhalable fraction actually depends on the spe-
cific air speed and direction, on the breathing rate, and on
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1 D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air
Atmospheres
Quality.
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6062 – 07. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D6062-07R12. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6062 − 07 (2012)
D4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace At- respirable convention E is illustrated in Fig. 1. Note that 50 %
R
mospheres Using Cyclone Samplers of total airborne particles with D = 4.0 µm are in the respirable
fraction.
2.2 International Standards:
ISO TR 7708 Technical Report on Air Quality—Particle
3.2.5 respirable fraction—themassfractionoftotalairborne
Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling,
particles penetrating to the alveolar region of the respiratory
Brussels, 1993
system.
CEN EN 481 Standard on Workplace Atmospheres. Size
3.2.6 sampling convention—a target specification that ap-
Fraction Definitions for the Measurement of Airborne
proximates to a specific health-related fraction of aerosol of
Particles in the Workplace, Brussels, 1993
given aerodynamic diameter. A sampling convention is speci-
fied in terms of the sampling efficiency E, the fraction of
3. Terminology
particles at given aerodynamic diameter collected by an ideal
3.1 Many terms used in this guide are defined in Terminol-
instrument.
ogy D1356.
3.2.7 thoracicconvention,E —thetargetsamplingcurvefor
T
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
instruments approximating the thoracic fraction. E is defined
T
3.2.1 aerodynamic diameter, D, (µm)—the diameter of a
(Technical Report ISO TR 7708, CEN Standard EN 481, and
3 3
sphere of density of 10 kg/m with the same stopping time as
the presentACGIHThreshold LimitValues (1)) in terms of the
a particle of interest.
cumulative normal function (10) Φ as:
3.2.2 inhalable convention, E —the target specification for
I
E 5 E ·Φ 1n D /D /σ (4)
@ @ # #
T I T T
sampling instruments when the inhalable fraction is the frac-
where the indicated constant parameters are D = 11.64
tion of interest. Specifically, E is taken (Technical Report ISO
T
I
µm and σ = ln[1.5].
TR 7708, CEN Standard EN 481, and the ACGIH threshold
T
limit values (1)) as follows: 3.2.7.1 Discussion—The thoracic convention E is illus-
T
trated in Fig. 1. Note that 50 % of total airborne particles with
E 5 0.50 ~11exp@20.06 D#!, D,100 µm (1)
I
D = 10 µm are in the thoracic fraction.
defined in terms of aerodynamic diameter, D.
3.2.8 thoracic fraction—the mass fraction of total airborne
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The inhalable convention E is illus-
I
particles penetrating beyond the larynx.
trated in Fig. 1. Note that E → 0.50 (50 %) at large D. Eq 1
I
3.3 Symbols and Abbreviations:
approximates the inhalable fraction when averaged over all
3.3.1 D (µm)—aerosol aerodynamic diameter.
wind directions for windspeeds v < 4 m/s. At higher wind
speeds, the following convention has been tentatively sug-
3.3.2 D (µm) —respirable sampling convention parameter
R
gested as follows (9):
equalto4.25µminthecaseofhealthyadults,or2.5µmforthe
25 2.75 sick or infirm or children.
E 5 0.50 ~11exp@20.06 D#!110 v exp@0.055 D#, (2)
I
3.3.3 D (µm) —thoracic sampling convention parameter
T
4 m/s,v,9 m/s
equal to 11.64 µm.
3.2.3 inhalable fraction—the total airborne particle mass
3.3.4 E—sampling convention in general.
fraction inhaled through the nose and mouth, that is, which
3.3.5 E —inhalable sampling convention.
I
enters the respiratory system.
3.3.6 E —respirable sampling convention.
R
3.2.4 respirable convention, E —the target sampling curve
R
for instruments approximating the respirable fraction. E is
3.3.7 E —thoracic sampling convention.
R T
defined (Technical Report ISO TR 7708, CEN Standard EN
3.3.8 v (m/s)—wind speed.
481, and the present ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (1))in
3.3.9 σ —
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.