ASTM A644-17

Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2017
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.080.10 - Irons
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.91 - Editorial Matters and Nomenclature

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A644-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A834-95(2020) - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Iron Castings for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A220/A220M-99(2022)e1 - Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A126-04(2019) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C1540-20 - Standard Specification for Heavy-Duty Shielded Couplings Joining Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A1045-10(2021) - Standard Specification for Flexible Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Gaskets Used in Connection of Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures to Sanitary Drainage Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C564-20a - Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C1173-22 - Standard Specification for Flexible Transition Couplings for Underground Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C1277-20 - Standard Specification for Shielded Couplings Joining Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A74-21 - Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A278/A278M-01(2020) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650 °F (350 °C)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM A476/A476M-00(2022) - Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C1440-21 - Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Elastomeric (TPE) Gasket Materials for Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV), Sewer, Sanitary, and Storm Plumbing Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C717-19 - Standard Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C1460-21 - Standard Specification for Shielded Transition Couplings for Use with Dissimilar DWV Pipe and Fittings Above Ground
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017

Overview

ASTM A644-17: Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings is a critical resource developed by ASTM International to define the essential terms and concepts used in the field of iron castings. This standard serves as an authoritative reference for manufacturers, inspectors, engineers, and other stakeholders, ensuring a unified and clear understanding of terminology related to iron casting materials, processes, and properties. Consistent terminology is vital across production, testing, specification, and quality assurance activities within the iron casting industry.

Key Topics

ASTM A644-17 covers the following core areas:

• Definitions of Material Types: Provides terminology for various types of cast iron, including gray iron, white iron, ductile iron, and malleable iron, describing their microstructures and key differences.
• Microstructure and Processes: Explains terms related to the microstructure of iron castings such as ausferrite, austenite, primary carbide, graphite shapes (flake, nodular, compacted), and related metallurgical processes (e.g., austenitizing, ferritizing, inoculation).
• Mechanical Properties: Clarifies terms related to mechanical performance such as brittle and ductile fracture, elongation, hardness, and transition temperature.
• Manufacturing and Sampling: Outlines industry terms related to manufacturing practices including batch, lot, heat, sample, and melt, as well as definitions for various test pieces like test bars and coupons.
• Quality and Statistical Terms: Describes statistical and quality control terminology, including specification limits, capability indices (Cp, Cpk, CPU, CPL), standard deviation, tolerance intervals, and confidence levels.
• Component Definitions: Defines gaskets, couplings, shields, and other essential components in iron casting assemblies.

Applications

The practical value of ASTM A644-17 is significant throughout the iron casting industry:

• Specification Development: Helps standards developers, manufacturers, and purchasers communicate precisely regarding product requirements for cast iron materials.
• Product Certification and Quality Control: Ensures clarity in documentation, inspection, and reporting for certifications and conformance verification.
• Manufacturing Consistency: Provides a uniform language to minimize misunderstandings during production planning, process audits, and supplier evaluations.
• Testing and Inspection: Standardizes the descriptions and procedures related to sampling, mechanical property evaluation, and microstructural analysis.
• Education and Training: Acts as a reference for training new personnel and aligning internal documentation with accepted industry standards.

Related Standards

For comprehensive understanding and implementation, ASTM A644-17 is often used alongside other ASTM and industry standards, including:

• ASTM A247 – Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
• ASTM A48 – Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings
• ASTM A536 – Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
• ASTM A278/A278M – Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts
• Other regional or application-specific standards on iron and steel casting terminology and quality assurance

Adhering to ASTM A644-17 ensures consistent communication across the supply chain and supports best practices in the production, testing, and application of iron castings.

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Keywords: iron castings terminology, ASTM A644-17, iron casting standards, ductile iron, gray iron, malleable iron, cast iron microstructure, ASTM standards, foundry quality control, iron casting manufacturing

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A644 − 17
Standard Terminology Relating to
Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ausferrite,n—acastironmatrixmicrostructure,producedbya the amount which can be retained in solid solution in
controlled thermal process, which consists of predominantly austenite at the eutectic temperature.
acicularferriteandhighcarbonaustenite.(See austempered
cementite, n—a very hard and brittle compound of iron and
ductile iron.)
carbon corresponding to the empirical formula Fe C, com-
austempered ductile iron, n—a ductile cast iron that has been monly known as iron carbide.
produced by a controlled thermal process which results in a
cementite, primary, n—cementite precipitated in cast iron
matrix microstructure consisting of predominately acicular
during solidification. Also known as primary carbide. (See
ferrite and high carbon austenite.
cementite.)
austenitize, vt—to convert the matrix of a ferrous alloy to
center stop, n—an integral part of the gasket, centered at its
austenite by heating above the transformation temperature.
axial length, intended to limit the insertion depth of the pipe
or fitting, or both, to be coupled.
batch, n—the component raw materials properly weighed,
proportioned, and mixed for delivery to a processing unit.
certification, n—a document supplied by the maker or manu-
Also, the product output from a processing unit in which
facturer of a product which testifies to the factuality or truth
there is essentially no product output until all component
of statements made that the requirements of a product
materials are charged and processed.
standard have been met.
brittle fracture, n—fracture that occurs without appreciable
chill, n—an object, usually metal, imbedded in a portion of the
plastic deformation of the material.
mold to accelerate the local rate of heat removal from the
metal being cast.
brittle fracture area, n—thefractionorpercentofthefracture
surface that formed by brittle fracture. (When observed with
chill, v—to accelerate the freezing rate of cast iron, usually in
no or low magnification, brittle fracture appears whiter and
a localized region, to refine the graphite structure or cause
shinier than ductile fracture.)
formation of primary carbides.
capability index (C ),n—forastableprocess,thespecification
p
chill, microstructural, n—a localized region of primary car-
range divided by six times the standard deviation.
bidesinacastingmadefromacastironthatwouldnormally
~USL 2 LSL! solidify free of primary carbides.
C 5
p
6 3s
chilled iron,n—acastironthatwouldnormallysolidifyfreeof
capability index (C ), n—for a stable process, the smaller of
primary carbide which is purposely caused to solidify as
pk
the upper capability index (CPU) or the lower capability
white cast iron, locally or entirely, by accelerated cooling.
index (CPL).
compacted graphite iron, n—a cast iron that has been treated
carbide, primary, n—carbide precipitated in cast iron during in the liquid state so as to cause its graphitic carbon to occur
solidification.
in the compacted graphite shape in the as-cast condition.
(See graphite, compacted and graphite, spheroidal.)
cast iron, n—a generic term for a series of alloys primarily of
iron, carbon, and silicon in which the carbon is in excess of
compound, n—an intimate mixture of all the ingredients
necessary for a finished material or product.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
compression gasket, n—a gasket designed to be used under
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.91 on Editorial
compression.
Matters and Nomenclature.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originally
compression seal, n—a seal that is attained by a compressive
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A644–14. DOI:
10.1520/A0644-17. force on the sealing material.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A644 − 17
confidence level,n—theprobability,orexpectedpercentofthe graphite flake, n—an irregularly shaped particle of graphite,
times, that the selected percent (P%) of the actual popula- usuallyappearinginapolishedsectionascurvedplates,such
tion lies within the tolerance interval calculated from the as found in gray cast irons.
data sample.
graphite, nodular, n—spheroidal shaped graphite typically
found in ductile irons and compact clusters of graphite
coupling, n—the complete clamp, shield and gasket assembly.
typically found in malleable irons. (See graphite,
coupling, push-on type, n—a coupling utilizing a fixed gasket
spheroidal, and temper carbon.)
where assembly of the joint is accomplished without remov-
graphite, primary,n—graphiteprecipitatedincastironduring
ing the shield.
solidification.
direct reduced iron, n—iron ores that have been reduced to
graphite rosette, n—arrangement of graphite flakes in which
essentially metallic iron by heat and reducing agents, but
the flakes extend radially from centers of crystallization in
without melting, and processed into suitable shapes (typi-
gray cast iron.
cally pellets) for use as a charge material in a melting
operation.
graphite, spheroidal, n—spheroidal-shaped graphite having a
polycrystalline radial structure, usually found in ductile iron
dual metal, n—two metals of different composition that are
and to a controlled, limited extent in compacted graphite
fusion bonded at all interfacial surfaces by casting metal of
iron.
one composition against metal of a second composition.
graphitize, vt—to precipitate graphite in an iron-carbon alloy.
ductile fracture, n—fracture that occurs with appreciable
plastic deformation of the material. gray iron, n—cast iron that has a relatively large proportion of
the graphitic carbon present in the form of flake graphite.
ductile fracture area,n—thefractionorpercentofthefracture
The metal has a gray fracture.
surfacethatformedbyductilefracture.(Whenobservedwith
hardness, n—the resistance to indentation as measured under
no or low magnification, ductile fracture appears grayer and
specified conditions.
duller than brittle fracture.)
heat, n—the total molten metal output from a single heating in
ductile iron, n—a cast iron that has been treated in the liquid
abatchmeltingprocessorthetotalmoltenmetaloutputfrom
statesoastocausesubstantiallyallofitsgraphiticcarbonto
essentiallyasingleheatinginacontinuousmeltingoperation
occur as spheroids or nodules in the as-cast condition.
using basically constant charge and processing conditions
durometer—(1) an instrument for measuring the hardness of
and targeted at a fixed metal chemistry at the furnace spout.
rubber-like materials; (2) a term used to identify the relative
A heat can also be defined as a fixed time period for a
hardness of rubber-like materials, for example: “low durom-
continuous melting operation provided that it is shorter than
eter” (relatively soft) or “high durometer” (relatively hard).
the time period covered by the above definition.
elastomer, n—a macromolecular material that returns rapidly hydrostatic pressure, n—a state of stress in which all the
to approximately its original dimensions and shape after principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), as
substantial deformation by a weak force and release of the inaliquidatrest;theproductoftheunitweightoftheliquid
force. and the difference in elevation between the given point and
the free liquid elevation.
DISCUSSION—(a) Elastomers are divided into two major polymer
systems: thermoset and thermoplastic. (b) In standards for rubber, the
inoculated iron, n—cast iron, either liquid or solid, to which
wordelastomerisnottobeusedinterchangeablyfortheterm“rubber.”
one or more inoculating alloys have been added while the
elastomeric, adj—having the characteristics of an elastomer.
iron was in the molten state.
elongation, n—extension produced by a tensile stress. inoculated iron, fully, n—cast iron, either liquid or solid, to
which all molten metal additions, including all inoculating
ferritize, vt—to increase the quantity of ferrite in the matrix of
alloys, have been added.
a ferrous casting through an appropriate heat treatment.
inoculating alloy, n—an alloy added to molten iron for the
ferritizing anneal, n—the process of producing a predomi-
principal purpose of nucleating a primary phase such as
nantlyferriticmatrixincastironthroughanappropriateheat
graphite. Inoculating alloys are frequently used to avoid the
treatment.
formationofprimarycarbidebyenhancingthenucleationof
graphite.
gasket, n—any preformed, deformable device designed to be
placed between two adjoining parts to provide a seal.
lot, n—a finite quantity of a given product manufactured under
production conditions that are considered uniform.
graphite, compacted, n—a graphite shape that is intermediate
between flake graphite and nodular graphite that typically lower capability index (CPL), n—the difference between the
appears in a polished section as thick flakes with blunt samplemean(x¯)andthelowerspecificationlimitdividedby
(compacted) ends. three times the standard deviation.
A644 − 17
allowable variability for actual values when the property of interest is
x¯ 2 LSL
~ !
CPL 5
bounded on both sides. In the case of a minimum or maximum, a high
3 3s
value of M can result in the need for excessively high or low mean
lower specification limit (LSL),n—thelowestspecifiedvalue. property values (x¯).
mean (x¯), n—the sum of the individual data points (x’s)
M, n—the number of standard deviations, mutually concurred
divided by the number of data points (n).
by the supplier and purchaser, to be used for calculations of
statistical conformance to such items as minimums,
x
( i
x¯ 5
maximums, specification ranges, and process capability
n
indices.
melt, n—the total molten metal produced in a single heat.
DISCUSSION—M values of three or less were used in establishing
initialASTM specification limits; higher values of M result in reduced
merchant pig iron, n—pig iron produced for commercial sale
allowable variability for actual values when the property of interest is
to foundries.
bounded on both sides; in the case of a minimum or maximum, a high
value of M can result in the need for excessively high or low mean
minimum (non-statistical), n—the lowest acceptable actual
property values (x¯).
test result; any valid individual test result below the mini-
malleable, ferritic, n—aferrousalloythatiscastaswhiteiron
mum is cause for rejection of the component or material lot
but which is converted by an appropriate heat treatment to a
being tested.
microstructure of temper carbon embedded in a ferritic
Allx $ Minimum 5 LSL
i
matrix essentially free of pearlite and carbide.
minimum (statist
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A644 − 14 A644 − 17
Standard Terminology Relating to
Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ausferrite, n—a cast iron matrix microstructure, produced by a controlled thermal process, which consists of predominantly
acicular ferrite and high carbon austenite. (See austempered ductile iron.)
austempered ductile iron, n—a ductile cast iron that has been produced by a controlled thermal process which results in a matrix
microstructure consisting of predominately acicular ferrite and high carbon austenite.
austenitize, vt—to convert the matrix of a ferrous alloy to austenite by heating above the transformation temperature.
batch, n—the component raw materials properly weighed, proportioned, and mixed for delivery to a processing unit. Also, the
product output from a processing unit in which there is essentially no product output until all component materials are charged
and processed.
brittle fracture, n—fracture that occurs without appreciable plastic deformation of the material.
brittle fracture area, n—Thethe fraction or percent of the fracture surface that formed by brittle fracture. (When observed with
no or low magnification, brittle fracture appears whiter and shinier than ductile fracture.)
capability index (C ),n—for a stable process, the specification range divided by six times the standard deviation.
p
~USL 2 LSL!
C 5
p
63s
capability index (C ),n—for a stable process, the smaller of the upper capability index (CPU) or the lower capability index (CPL).
pk
carbide, primary, n—carbide precipitated in cast iron during solidification.
cast iron, n—a generic term for a series of alloys primarily of iron, carbon, and silicon in which the carbon is in excess of the
amount which can be retained in solid solution in austenite at the eutectic temperature.
cementite, n—a very hard and brittle compound of iron and carbon corresponding to the empirical formula Fe C, commonly
known as iron carbide.
cementite, primary, n—cementite precipitated in cast iron during solidification. Also known as primary carbide. (See cementite.)
center stop, n—an integral part of the gasket, centered at its axial length, intended to limit the insertion depth of the pipe or fitting,
or both, to be coupled.
certification, n—Aa document supplied by the maker or manufacturer of a product which testifies to the factuality or truth of
statements made that the requirements of a product standard have been met.
chill, n—an object, usually metal, imbedded in a portion of the mold to accelerate the local rate of heat removal from the metal
being cast.
chill, v—to accelerate the freezing rate of cast iron, usually in a localized region, to refine the graphite structure or cause formation
of primary carbides.
chill, microstructural, n—a localized region of primary carbides in a casting made from a cast iron that would normally solidify
free of primary carbides.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.91 on Editorial Matters and
Nomenclature.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2017. Published October 2014November 2017. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20132014
as A644 - 13.A644 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/A0644-14.10.1520/A0644-17.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A644 − 17
chilled iron, n—a cast iron that would normally solidify free of primary carbide which is purposely caused to solidify as white
cast iron, locally or entirely, by accelerated cooling.
compacted graphite iron, n—a cast iron that has been treated in the liquid state so as to cause its graphitic carbon to occur in
the compacted graphite shape in the as-cast condition. (See graphite, compacted and graphite, spheroidal.)
compound, n—an intimate mixture of all the ingredients necessary for a finished material or product.
compression gasket, n—a gasket designed to be used under compression.
compression seal, n—a seal that is attained by a compressive force on the sealing material.
confidence level, n—the probability, or expected percent of the times, that the selected percent (P %) of the actual population lies
within the tolerance interval calculated from the data sample.
coupling, n—the complete clamp, shield and gasket assembly.
coupling, push-on type, n—a coupling utilizing a fixed gasket where assembly of the joint is accomplished without removing the
shield.
direct reduced iron, n—iron ores that have been reduced to essentially metallic iron by heat and reducing agents, but without
melting, and processed into suitable shapes (typically pellets) for use as a charge material in a melting operation.
dual metal, n—two metals of different composition that are fusion bonded at all interfacial surfaces by casting metal of one
composition against metal of a second composition.
ductile fracture, n—fracture that occurs with appreciable plastic deformation of the material.
ductile fracture area, n—Thethe fraction or percent of the fracture surface that formed by ductile fracture. (When observed with
no or low magnification, ductile fracture appears grayer and duller than brittle fracture.)
ductile iron, n—a cast iron that has been treated in the liquid state so as to cause substantially all of its graphitic carbon to occur
as spheroids or nodules in the as-cast condition.
durometer—(1) an instrument for measuring the hardness of rubber-like materials.materials; (2) a term used to identify the
relative hardness of rubber-like materials, for example: “low durometer” (relatively soft) or “high durometer” (relatively hard).
elastomer, n—a macromolecular material that returns rapidly to approximately its original dimensions and shape after substantial
deformation by a weak force and release of the force.
DISCUSSION—
(a) Elastomers are divided into two major polymer systems: thermoset and thermoplastic. (b) In standards for rubber, the word elastomer is not to be
used interchangeably for the term “rubber”.“rubber.”
elastomeric, adj—having the characteristics of an elastomer.
elongation, n—extension produced by a tensile stress.
ferritize, vt—to increase the quantity of ferrite in the matrix of a ferrous casting through an appropriate heat treatment.
ferritizing anneal, n—the process of producing a predominantly ferritic matrix in cast iron through an appropriate heat treatment.
gasket, n—any preformed, deformable device designed to be placed between two adjoining parts to provide a seal.
graphite, compacted, n—a graphite shape that is intermediate between flake graphite and nodular graphite that typically appears
in a polished section as thick flakes with blunt (compacted) ends.
graphite flake, n—an irregularly shaped particle of graphite, usually appearing in a polished section as curved plates, such as found
in gray cast irons.
graphite, nodular, n—spheroidal shaped graphite typically found in ductile irons and compact clusters of graphite typically found
in malleable irons. (See graphite, spheroidal, , and temper carbon.)
graphite, primary, n—graphite precipitated in cast iron during solidification.
graphite rosette, n—arrangement of graphite flakes in which the flakes extend radially from centers of crystallization in gray cast
iron.
graphite, spheroidal, n—spheroidal shaped spheroidal-shaped graphite having a polycrystalline radial structure, usually found in
ductile iron and to a controlled, limited extent in compacted graphite iron.
A644 − 17
graphitize, vt—to precipitate graphite in an iron-carbon alloy.
gray iron, n—cast iron that has a relatively large proportion of the graphitic carbon present in the form of flake graphite. The metal
has a gray fracture.
hardness, n—the resistance to indentation as measured under specified conditions.
heat, n—the total molten metal output from a single heating in a batch melting process or the total molten metal output from
essentially a single heating in a continuous melting operation using basically constant charge and processing conditions and
targeted at a fixed metal chemistry at the furnace spout. A heat can also be defined as a fixed time period for a continuous melting
operation provided that it is shorter than the time period covered by the above definition.
hydrostatic pressure, n—a state of stress in which all the principal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), as in a liquid
at rest; the product of the unit weight of the liquid and the difference in elevation between the given point and the free liquid
elevation.
inoculated iron, n—cast iron, either liquid or solid, to which one or more inoculating alloys have been added while the iron was
in the molten state.
inoculated iron, fully, n—cast iron, either liquid or solid, to which all molten metal additions, including all inoculating alloys, have
been added.
inoculating alloy, n—an alloy added to molten iron for the principleprincipal purpose of nucleating a primary phase such as
graphite. Inoculating alloys are frequently used to avoid the formation of primary carbide by enhancing the nucleation of
graphite.
lot, n—a finite quantity of a given product manufactured under production conditions that are considered uniform.
lower capability index (CPL), n—the difference between the sample mean (x¯) and the lower specification limit divided by three
times the standard deviation.
x¯ 2 LSL
~ !
CPL 5
33s
lower specification limit (LSL), n—the lowest specified value.
M, n—the number of standard deviations, mutually concurred by the supplier and purchaser, to be used for calculations of
statistical conformance to such items as minimums, maximums, specification ranges, and process capability indices.
DISCUSSION—
M values of three or less were used in establishing initial ASTM specification limits; higher values of M result in reduced allowable variability for
actual values when the property of interest is bounded on both sides; in the case of a minimum or maximum, a high value of M can result in the need
for excessively high or low mean property values (x¯).
malleable, ferritic, n—a ferrous alloy that is cast as white iron but which is converted by an appropriate heat treatment to a
microstructure of temper carbon embedded in a ferritic matrix essentially free of pearlite and carbide.
malleable iron, n—a cast iron of such composition that it solidifies as white iron, which upon proper heat treatment is converted
to a metallic matrix with nodules of temper carbon.
malleable, pearlitic, n—a ferrous alloy that is cast as white iron but which is converted by an appropriate heat treatment to a
microstructure of temper carbon embedded in a matrix containing a controlled quantity, form, and distribution of pearlite or
tempered martensite.
malleableize, vt—to convert white iron into malleable iron through an appropriate graphitizing heat treatment.
manufacturer, castings, n—the entity that directly controls the
...