ASTM G81-97a(2002)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)
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Designation: G 81 – 97a (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG81;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in August 2002.
1. Scope E350 TestMethodsforChemicalAnalysisofCarbonSteel,
Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and
1.1 Thispracticecoversalaboratoryproceduretodetermine
Wrought Iron
the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appro-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
priate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
materials can also be tested. The test involves a small labora-
toryjawcrusherthatcrushespresizedhardrockmaterials,such
3. Terminology
as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 gouging abrasion—a severe form of abrasive wear in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
which the force between an abrading body and the wearing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
surface is sufficiently large that a macroscopic gouge, groove,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
deep scratch, or indentation can be produced in a single
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety
contact.
Precautions.)
3.1.2 The definitions of some other related terms may be
2. Referenced Documents found in TerminologyG40.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.1 cheek plates—the wear liners that protect the sides of
A128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic
the crusher adjacent to the movable and stationary jaws.
Manganese
3.2.2 movable jaw—the part of the crusher that moves
A 514/A514M Specification for High-Yield Strength,
against the material being crushed.
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for
3 3.2.3 reference plate—a jaw plate made of a material
Welding
uniform in microstructure and hardness and not varying
A517/A517M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Al-
3 significantly from one piece to another; such a plate will give
loy Steel, High-Strength, Quenched and Tempered
highly reproducible results, to which other materials to be
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-
4 tested may be compared.
als
3.2.4 stationary jaw—the part of the crusher that does not
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
4 articulate, but is directly opposite the movable jaw and is in
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
direct crushing contact.
E30 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, Cast
5 3.2.5 test plate—a jaw plate made of a material for which
Iron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron
the gouging abrasion resistance is to be measured.
E140 HardnessConversionTablesforMetals(Relationship
3.2.6 toggle plate—the plate that holds the bottom edge of
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
the movable jaw relative to the stationary jaw.
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
Scleroscope Hardness)
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 A small laboratory jaw crusher with a feed opening of
about 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is modified to accept an
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
easily machined identical pair of reference wear plates and a
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 onAbrasiveWear.
pairofsimilartestwearplates.Onetestplateandonereference
Current edition approved Apr. 10, 1997. Published November 1997. Originally
published as G81–83. Last previous edition G81–83.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
4 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
5 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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G 81 – 97a (2002)
FIG. 1 Typical Jaw Crusher Construction and Layout of the Test Plates
plate are attached to the stationary jaw frame of the crusher, testandreferenceplatesareusedthetotalamountofrockmust
and the other test and reference plate are attached to the be increased to 1800 kg (4000 lb) or more.
movable jaw frame, such that a reference plate and a test plate
5. Significance and Use
oppose one another. The minimum jaw opening is set at 3.2
5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for
mm (0.125 in.), and a 225-kg (500-lb) load of prescreened
laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5) and a limited amount
material of suitable hardness is run through the crusher. The
of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the
minimum opening is then reset to 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) and
crusher which is described in Section 6, the subject practice
another 225 kg (500 lb) of rock is crushed. This is repeated
ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for
until a minimum of 900 kg (2000 lb) of rock is crushed. The
that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found
precleaned and weighed test plates are then recleaned and
in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving
weighed,andthemassloss(ingrams)isrecorded.Thevolume
applications.Thispracticeisconsideredusefulforresearchand
loss may be calculated from the mass loss and the known
developmentpurposes,butnottospecifyuniversalwearratios,
densities of the test materials, or it may be measured for
since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change
nonmonolithicmaterials.Awearratioisdevelopedbydividing
dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry,
the volume loss of the test plate by the volume loss of the
shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of
reference plate. This is done separately for the stationary and
machinery.
the movable plates. The two wear ratios are then averaged for
a final test wear ratio. The smaller the decimal figure for the
wear ratio the better the wear resistance of the test plate 8
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to
compared to the reference plate. When highly wear resistant
this practice.
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G 81 – 97a (2002)
6. Apparatus 7. Materials
6.1 Ajaw crusher with an approximate feed opening of 100
7.1 Reference Plates:
by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is used. This should have a single
7.1.1 Reference plates can be made of any readily available
movable jaw and be of very rugged construction (see Fig. 1).
material that gives wear behavior consistent with Section 9.
6.2 The jaw crusher should be capable of accepting two
7.1.2 The most common reference wear plate materials are
identical wear plates on the stationary jaw frame and two wear
Specification A514/A514M, Grade B steel plate, or Specifi-
plates of the same design on the movable jaw frame. Plate
cationA517/A517M, Grade B plate, quenched and tempered.
locatingdevicesshouldbeattachedtoholdtheplatestightlyin
It is suggested that an effort be made to select a plate as close
position. The plate-bottom locating device shall ensure repro-
as possible (68 HB maximum) to 269 HB hardness (see Test
ducible positioning of the bottom of each test plate for each
MethodsE10orE18andHardnessConversionTablesE140).
test. The crusher shaft bearings should be roller or needle
Alarge plate should be purchased and cut into pieces suitable
bearings to hold consistent tolerances. Spacers may be affixed
to machine into individual plates. The direction of rolling
totheshafttopreventthemovableheadfromchangingthegap
should be in the direction of rock flow through the crusher.
on the sides of the jaws. The toggle plate should be easily
Each new batch should be compared with the previous batch.
removed for rebuilding. The machine should have easily
NOTE 1—The exact hardness of the reference wear plate material is not
replaceable wear liners for the toggle plate holders.
critical, but most published data are based upon experiments utilizing
6.3 Amotor of higher power than a standard crusher motor
reference wear plates quite close to 269 HB.
may be necessary, since the flat wear plate design takes more
power to crush the rock. A5.2-KW (7-hp) motor has been
7.1.3 Cast manganese steel reference plates can also be
found to be satisfactory for this practice.
used.SpecificationA128/A128M,GradeAisaconsistentcast
6.4 Important Tolerances:
productandworkswellasareferencematerialfortestingmore
6.4.1 Toggle plate length:+0 to−1.5 mm (+0 to−0.062
wearresistantmaterials.Theplatesshouldbecastoversizeand
in.).
then heat treated.Anarrow carbon range of 1.15% 6 0.02%
6.4.2 Wear liners in toggle plate holders:+0 to−0.75 mm
is recommended, rather than a specific hardness (see Test
(+0 to−0.031 in.). Methods E30 and E350).
6.4.3 Side to side movement of movable frame: 60.75 mm
7.1.4 Any material can be used as a reference material if it
(60.031 in.).
provides results consistent with Section 9, and if later batches
6.4.4 Wear groove in cheek plates: no deeper than 6 mm
also reproduce original values. Any secondary reference ma-
(0.250 in.).
terial can be referenced or calibrated by running it against the
6.4.5 Shaft movement relative to crusher frame: less than
primaryreferencematerialtofindbywhatpercentagethewear
0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
differs from the primary reference material.
6.4.6 Movable jaw frame movement relative to shaft: less
7.2 Rock:
than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.)
7.2.1 The rock to be crushed should be a hard, tough,
6.4.7 Difference in toe-to-toe spacing: no more than 0.25
precrushed material sized to be between 25 mm (1 in.) and 50
mm (0.010 in.) across the width of the crusher exit.
mm (2 in.). A hard morainal rock with the following compo-
6.5 A frame should be made to support the crusher. The
sition is given as an example (proportions are not critical):
framework must include a hopper above the crusher that will
18% quartz and quartzite, 28% basalt, 20% granite and
holdaminimumof225kg(500lb)ofrockatonetime.Below
gneiss, and 34% limestone and shale.
the hopper a lever-actuated control gate and a chute should be
7.2.2 However, the rock composition and hardness are not
attachedtodelivertherockintothecrusheropening.Belowthe
criticaltothetest.Forexample,taconitehasbeenused,leading
crusheraremovableboxmaybeinstalledthatwillhold225kg
to a large increase in plate wear rate compared to the morainal
(500 lb) minimum of crushed rock.This box should have a lid
rock, but with no more than an 8% variation in the wear ratio
with an opening just below the crusher exit.
measured on the samples tested.
6.6 An evacuation blower should be installed on the frame
to pull dust out of the crushing area and the receiving box and
8. Precautions
move it to an acceptable collection or dump area.Aprotective
8.1 Safety Precautions:
magnetic grate should be installed at the top of the hopper to
collect any tramp iron or steel in the rock. 8.1.1 All belts and flywheels should have metal guards to
6.7 One or more dump boxes are recommended that will meet OSHA standards.
hold225kg(500lb)ofrock.Thisisforweighingtherockand
8.1.2 A safe means of manual operation of the machine
transporting it to the hopper above the crusher.
should be provided.
6.8 A method of weighing 225 kg (500 lb) of rock and the
8.1.3 Theon/offswitchshouldhaveakey-operatedlockout.
container should be available.
8.1.4 The fill chute should fit well enough so that all rock is
6.9 Abalance of sufficient capacity to weigh the test plates
directed to the crushing chamber.
is necessary. The sensitivity should be at least 60.1 g.
8.1.5 Aproperladdershouldbefixedtothestructuresothat
theoperatorcanclimbuptopicktrampironfromthemagnetic
grate in the hopper and to perform various inspections.
A Massco laboratory jaw crusher from Mine and Smelter, P.O. Box 16067,
Denver, CO 80216 has been successfully modified for this test. 8.2 Technical Precautions:
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G 81 – 97a (2002)
FIG. 2 Example Test Plate Dimensions for Modified Mine and Smelter 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) Jaw Crusher
8.2.1 The wear test plates must be identified as to test 8.2.9 Tolerancesmustbemaintainedtokeeptheside-to-side
location, and this identification must be retained through final rock flow and crushing even in the crusher. The tolerances are
weighing.
given in 6.4.
8.2.2 Close tolerances, as noted in Fig. 2, must be kept,
8.2.10 For morainal gravel, the test rock can be slightly
especially on the toe end of the test plates. This must be
damp but not dripping wet at time of testing. Holding inside a
controlled carefully to achieve a consistent opening and,
building for 86.4 ks (24 h) prior to test should be adequate if
therefore, a consistent rock flow across the test specimen.
thewaterisallowedtodrainawayfromtherock.Formaterials
8.2.3 All decarburized metal should be machined from the
other than morainal gravel, the effects of moisture have not
test surface and edges prior to testing (see Fig. 2).
been studied.
8.2.4 Any heat-affected zone from torch cutting should be
8.2.11 Observe the crushed rock size when the testing
removed from the test plates.
facility is first put into operation. If the final crushed rock size
8.2.5 Samplesfortestingshouldbeselectedfromauniform
gets noticeably larger as machine use continues, then the
material lot using accepted statistical practice.
machine tolerances and calibration should be checked.
8.2.6 If heat treatment is required, the test specimen blank
should be heat treated prior to machining to size. The heat
9. Calibration and Standardization
treatmentmustbeidenticalforbothtestplatesthatconstitutea
9.1 Calibration:
single test.
8.2.7 The test specimen should be finished to final size by 9.1.1 The test is calibrated by running three full tests using
grinding. Steps should be taken to ensure that no significant new plates for each test. All plates are of the same reference
heating of the test specimen occurs, either from the grinding
plate material.
operation or during the test, that may cause a change in
9.1.2 The wear ratio (defined in 3.1) for the last two tests
hardnessorstructure.Itisrecommendedthataminimumof2.5
shall not exceed 1.000 6 0.030. If the wear ratio exceeds the
mm (0.100 in.) of material be removed from the wear surface.
lim
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