ASTM D4851-07(2019)e1

Standard Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures in this standard can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of coated and laminated fabrics for architectural use since these test methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Caution is advised, however, when testing adhesion of coating to fabric and breaking strength after crease fold because between laboratory precision is known to be poor (see 24.2). For these cases, comparative tests conducted, as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4851 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The uses and significance of specific properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of coated and laminated fabrics made primarily for use in fabric roof systems. These coated and laminated fabrics are generally in either an air supported or tension supported construction of fabric roof systems.  
1.2 These methods can be used for most fiber-based, coated and laminated architectural fabrics.  
1.3 This standard includes the following sections that provide test procedures for coated and laminated architectural fabrics:    
Section  
Fabric Count  
8  
Mass per Unit Area  
9  
Fabric Thickness  
10  
Fabric Width  
11  
Fabric Length  
12  
Fabric Bow  
13  
Adhesion of Coating to Fabric  
14  
Uniaxial Elongation Under Static Load  
15  
Fabric Breaking Force  
16  
Breaking Strength After Crease Fold  
17  
Elongation at Break  
18  
Fabric Trapezoid Tear Force  
19  
Resistance to Accelerated Weathering  
20  
Solar Optical Properties  
21  
Fabric Flame Resistance  
22  
Noise Reduction Coefficient  
23  
1.4 These test methods include only testing procedures and do not include specifications or tolerances. They are intended as a guide for specifications. Any of these methods may be used in material specifications to evaluate requirements for a specific end use as related to a particular job.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 14.1, A1.3.3.1, A2.3.3.1, and A3.3.3.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Bar...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2015
• ICS: 59.080.40 - Coated fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4851-07(2015) - Standard Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2015
• Refers: ASTM E136-24a - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM E136-24 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D5587-15(2024) - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E84-23d - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E84-23c - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3882-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2020
• Refers: ASTM E108-20a - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM E108-20 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1777-96(2019) - Standard Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5587-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM E84-19b - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5035-11(2019) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM E84-19a - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM E84-19 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019

Overview

ASTM D4851-07(2019)e1 outlines standard test methods for evaluating coated and laminated fabrics intended for architectural applications, especially fabric roofing systems. Developed and maintained by ASTM, this standard is widely used to ensure the quality, durability, and performance of fiber-based, coated, and laminated fabrics used in air-supported and tension-supported fabric roof systems. The test methods serve as an essential tool for acceptance testing during commercial shipments, providing manufacturers, specifiers, and buyers with reliable procedures to assess material properties relevant to architectural use.

Key Topics

The standard covers a broad array of fabric property tests, ensuring comprehensive quality evaluation. Key test topics include:

• Fabric Count: Determining the number of yarns per unit length in the fabric, critical for assessing structural integrity.
• Mass per Unit Area: Measurement of overall fabric weight, which impacts both strength and handling.
• Thickness, Width, and Length: Detailed evaluation of physical dimensions to verify manufacturer specifications.
• Fabric Bow: Assessment of warp/weft distortion, important for fabrication precision.
• Adhesion of Coating to Fabric: Ensures the coating properly bonds to the substrate, essential for weather resistance and durability.
• Uniaxial Elongation Under Static Load: Measures fabric stretch under load, which affects shape and longevity in installations.
• Fabric Breaking Force & Breaking Strength After Crease Fold: Tests the fabric's resistance to tearing and folding stresses, simulating real-world use.
• Elongation at Break & Trapezoid Tear Force: Evaluates stretch and tear resistance during force application.
• Resistance to Accelerated Weathering: Simulates long-term exposure to elements, forecasting lifespan.
• Solar Optical Properties: Examines transmittance and reflectance relevant to energy efficiency and occupant comfort.
• Flame Resistance & Noise Reduction Coefficient: Assesses safety and acoustic performance in building environments.

Note: The standard addresses safety, health, and environmental concerns and encourages users to follow best practices and applicable regulations.

Applications

ASTM D4851 serves multiple roles across the architectural textiles industry:

• Material Acceptance: Used by manufacturers and purchasers for routine quality control and acceptance during commercial transactions.
• Specification Basis: While D4851 provides the test methods, not specifications, results are often referenced in project or product requirements.
• Dispute Resolution: Outlines procedures for comparative laboratory testing to resolve differences, ensuring fair and unbiased quality assessment.
• Research and Product Development: Informs performance benchmarks for new coated or laminated fabric designs.
• Construction and Engineering: Ensures that fabric roofs or tension structures meet durability, safety, and longevity expectations in public and commercial buildings.

Users include textile manufacturers, architectural specifiers, procurement professionals, testing laboratories, and regulatory authorities.

Related Standards

For a comprehensive fabric evaluation in architectural contexts, ASTM D4851 references or aligns with several related standards, such as:

• ASTM D751: Test methods for coated fabrics.
• ASTM D123: Textile terminology.
• ASTM D3774/D3775/D3776: Methods for determining width, fabric count, and mass per unit area.
• ASTM D5035: Breaking force and elongation of fabrics.
• ASTM D5587: Tearing strength by the trapezoid procedure.
• ASTM D1776/D1777: Conditioning and thickness measurement.
• ASTM E84/E108: Fire-testing methods for building materials and roof coverings.
• NFPA 701: Flame resistance of textiles and films for fire safety compliance.

Staying informed on these related standards enhances quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and project success when specifying or evaluating architectural fabrics.

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Keywords: ASTM D4851, coated fabrics, laminated fabrics, architectural fabric roofing, fabric test methods, fabric strength, weathering resistance, flame resistance, quality control textile fabrics, construction materials testing.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D4851 − 07 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Methods for
Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4851; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Precautions were editorially changed to warnings and moved from Notes to subsections in July 2019.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of coated and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
laminated fabrics made primarily for use in fabric roof sys-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tems.Thesecoatedandlaminatedfabricsaregenerallyineither
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
an air supported or tension supported construction of fabric
Specific warning statements are given in 14.1, A1.3.3.1,
roof systems.
A2.3.3.1, and A3.3.3.1.
1.2 These methods can be used for most fiber-based, coated
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
and laminated architectural fabrics.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 This standard includes the following sections that pro-
vide test procedures for coated and laminated architectural Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fabrics:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Section
Fabric Count 8
Mass per Unit Area 9
2. Referenced Documents
Fabric Thickness 10
Fabric Width 11
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fabric Length 12
C423TestMethodforSoundAbsorptionandSoundAbsorp-
Fabric Bow 13
tion Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method
Adhesion of Coating to Fabric 14
Uniaxial Elongation Under Static Load 15
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
Fabric Breaking Force 16
D751Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
Breaking Strength After Crease Fold 17
Elongation at Break 18 D1003Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
Fabric Trapezoid Tear Force 19
of Transparent Plastics
Resistance to Accelerated Weathering 20
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
Solar Optical Properties 21
D1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
Fabric Flame Resistance 22
Noise Reduction Coefficient 23
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
1.4 These test methods include only testing procedures and Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
do not include specifications or tolerances. They are intended
drawn 2008)
as a guide for specifications. Any of these methods may be D2906Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
used in material specifications to evaluate requirements for a Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
specific end use as related to a particular job. D3773Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
D3774Test Method for Width of Textile Fabric
1.5 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to
D3775TestMethodforEnd(Warp)andPick(Filling)Count
regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
of Woven Fabrics
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated
D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
Fabric
system shall be used independently of the other.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Methods, General. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published August 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4851–07(2015). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D4851-07R19E01. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D4851 − 07 (2019)
D3882Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and and breaking strength after crease fold because between
Knitted Fabrics laboratory precision is known to be poor (see 24.2). For these
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test cases,comparativetestsconducted,asdirectedin5.1.1,maybe
Methods advisable.
D5035Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of 5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method) reported test results when using Test Methods D4851 for
D5587Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by acceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,thepurchaserand
Trapezoid Procedure the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
E84Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
Building Materials statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
E108Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings bias.Asaminimum,thetwopartiesshouldtakeagroupoftest
E136TestMethodforAssessingCombustibilityofMaterials specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and from a
Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens
E424Test Methods for Solar Energy Transmittance and should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
G23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level
of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000) chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias
G26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the
(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test
of Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2001) (With- results with consideration of the known bias.
drawn 2000)
5.2 The uses and significance of specific properties are
G53Practice for Operating Light-and Water-Exposure Ap-
discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
paratus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-
sure of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)
6. Sampling
2.2 Federal Standards:
6.1 Lot Size—The size of an acceptance sampling lot of
Federal Test Method Standard191b,Method5903, Vertical
fabric for architectural use shall be the number of fabric rolls
Flame Resistance of Cloth
in a shipment or consignment of a single fabric style unless
NFPA 701National Fire Protection Standards—701 Stan-
otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier.
dard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles
5 6.2 Lot Sample—Unless otherwise agreed upon, as when
and Films
specifiedinanapplicableorderorcontract,takeasalotsample
the number of rolls in a shipment or consignment of fabric.
3. Terminology
Specify the number of rolls of fabric in the lot sample for each
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
property of interest. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primary
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
sampling units.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
air-supportedroof,architectural-use,coatedfabric,fabricroof-
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
system, laminated fabric, tension-supported roof.
rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch or roll of fabric to
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
Terminology D123.
6.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample, take the
4. Summary of Test Method
following samples:
6.3.1 For fabric width, fabric bow, and fabric length, the
4.1 Asummary of the directions prescribed for the determi-
nationofspecificpropertiesisstatedintheappropriatesections rolls in the lot sample serve as the laboratory sample.
of specific methods or in the referenced test methods. 6.3.2 For noise reduction coefficient, flame resistance other
than small scale NFPA 701, solar optical properties, and
5. Significance and Use
resistance to accelerated weathering, take as a laboratory
sample a full-width swatch 12 m (12 yd) long from the end of
5.1 The procedures in this standard can be used for accep-
each randomly selected roll in the lot sample as determined by
tancetestingofcommercialshipmentsofcoatedandlaminated
agreement between the purchaser and supplier.
fabricsforarchitecturalusesincethesetestmethodshavebeen
used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Caution is
NOTE 2—Properties such as noise reduction coefficient, some flame
advised, however, when testing adhesion of coating to fabric
resistance tests, solar optical, and resistance to weathering are dependent
uponfabricstyleandmanufacturingprocesses.Theextentofthesampling
for these properties is usually defined in the applicable order or contract.
Among the options available to the purchaser and the supplier is for the
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
purchaser to accept a certification by the manufacturer that the material in
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
question meets the specification agreed upon by the two parties and what
www.access.gpo.gov.
Although discontinued by the National Fire Protection Association, this the basis for the certification is, such as, historical data generated from
standard continues to be used by the industry. material manufactured under the same conditions.
´1
D4851 − 07 (2019)
6.3.3 For other properties take as a laboratory sample a 10. Thickness
full-width swatch1m(1yd) long from the end of each roll in
10.1 Determine the thickness of the fabric as directed in
the lot sample.
Method D1777 using ten test specimens from each roll in the
laboratorysampleandusingthegaugewithapresserfootwith
NOTE3—Thesampleswatch,asinthelaboratorysample,maybetaken
from the end of a roll if there is no visual evidence that the fabric is
a diameter of 9.5 6 0.025 mm (0.375 6 0.001 in.) that is
distorted or different from the fabric in other parts of the roll. In cases of
weighted to apply a total force of 1.70 6 0.03 N (6 6 0.1 ozf)
dispute or if by visual evidence the outside fabric is not typical, take a
equivalent in pressure of 23.4 kPa (3.4 psi), unless otherwise
sampleswatchafterexcludingfabricfromtheouterwrapoftherollorthe
specified.
inner wrap of the core.
6.4 Test Specimens—Forfabricwidth,fabricbow,andfabric
11. Width
length, the rolls in the lot sample serve as test specimens. For
11.1 Determine the width of the fabric as directed in Test
other properties, take test specimens from the swatches in the
Method D3774, Option A (full roll), using the tension free
laboratory sample as directed in the respective test methods in
procedure,exceptmakefivemeasurementsoneachoftherolls
this standard.
in the lot sample.
6.4.1 Take the specimens for the measurement of the
machinedirectionpropertiesfromdifferentpositionsacrossthe
12. Length
fabric width and the specimens for the measurement of the
12.1 Measure the length of each roll in the lot sample as
cross-machine direction properties from different positions
directedinTestMethodD3773usingOptionB(DrumMethod)
along the length of the fabric. Take no specimens nearer the
or Option C (Clock Method).Verify that each sample roll does
selvage or edge of the fabric than ⁄10 the width of the fabric or
not contain more than one piece. Total the lengths of the rolls
125 mm (5 in.) whichever is smaller.
measured.Comparethelengthforeachoftherollstestedtothe
7. Conditioning
length specified on the corresponding identification label.
7.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in one of
13. Fabric Bow
the following atmospheres:
7.1.1 Option 1—Atemperatureof21 62°C(70 64°F)and 13.1 Measurethefabricbowofeachrollinthelotsampleas
relative humidity of 65 65%. directed in Test Method D3882 in three places spaced as
7.1.2 Option 2—Atemperatureof23 62°C(73 64°F)and widelyaspossiblealongtherolllength.Makenomeasurement
relative humidity of 50 65%. closer to the ends of the roll than1m(1 yd).
NOTE 4—The intent of the two options for testing atmospheres is to
14. Adhesion of Coating to Fabric
allow testing of architectural fabrics in respective laboratories where
products generally manufactured are related to a fabric laminating or
14.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, when
coatingdiscipline.Inanyevent,thetestatmosphereoptionshallbeagreed
flammable or toxic adhesives are used for sealing, they should
upon by the contractural parties and stated in the report.
be cured in a well-ventilated area, for example, under a hood,
7.2 Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when
to prevent accumulation of vapors. This is also applicable
the increase in mass of the specimen in successive weighings
whensealingtechniquesthatdonotrequireadhesivesareused.
made at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1% of
14.2 Determinethecoatingadhesioninbothmachinedirec-
the mass of the specimen. In general practice, the industry
tion and cross-machine direction as directed in Test Methods
approaches equilibrium from the “As Received” side.
D751, using two sets of specimens in both the machine
NOTE 5—It is recognized that in practice, coated and laminated fabrics
direction and the cross-machine direction. Use a constant-rate-
are frequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has
of-extension(CRE)typetensiletestingmachineoperatedat50
been reached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of
6 3 mm/min (2.0 6 0.1 in./min) and report the rate used.
dispute,itmaybesufficientinroutinetestingtoexposethematerialtothe
standard atmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before the
14.3 Theuseofhydraulic-pneumaticclampingsystemswith
specimens are tested.Atime of at least 24 h has been found acceptable in
a minimum of 50 by 75 mm (2 by 3 in.) serrated jaw faces is
most cases. However, certain fibers and coatings may exhibit slow
recommended. Manual clamping is permitted if no slippage of
moistureequalizationratesfromthe“AsReceived”wetside.Whenthisis
the specimen is observed.
known, a preconditioning cycle, as described in Practice D1776 may be
agreed upon between contractual parties.
14.4 Run the test with the following exception: Prepare test
specimens by sealing two material strips face to back.
8. Fabric Count
14.5 Use the sealing method for seams typical to the
8.1 Determine the fabric count as directed in Test Method
material under test as defined in the Annexes or by an
D3775 making five counts in the machine direction and five
applicable contract or order. To facilitate separation later, do
counts in the cross-machine direction on each of the swatches
not seal the upper 25 mm (1 in.) of specimen. Condition the
from the rolls in the laboratory sample.
specimens as specified in the sealing method before testing.
9. Mass Per Unit Area
14.6 After conditioning, cut through a 25 by 200 mm (1 by
9.1 Determine the mass per unit area of the fabric as 8 in.) strip of both layers of fabric from the center of each
directed in Test Methods D3776, Option C, using each of the sealed double-layer strip. Strip the fabric from one layer down
rolls in the laboratory sample. for a distance of 50 mm (2 in.).
´1
D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 1 Adjustable Pin Beam Compass
14.7 Clamp one end of the separated portion of the 25 mm 14.12 Precision and Bias—The precision and bias of the
(1 in.) strip in the lower jaw of the tensile testing machine and procedure in Test Methods D4851 for measuring the adhesion
the other end of the specimen in the upper jaw. of the coating to the fabric are as specified in Test Methods
D751.
14.8 Activate the crosshead and pull the specimen until a
100-mm (4-in.) separation of the bonded specimen has oc-
15. Uniaxial Elongation Under Static Force
curred. This equals 200 mm (8 in.) of crosshead movement.
15.1 Scope—This test method covers the measurement of
14.9 Disregard the first inch of bonded specimen separation
the uniaxial elongation of fabric when subjected to a specified
recorded. Record the average of the five highest force peaks of
force. The force applied is dependent on the fabric mass and
resistance as the adhesion of each specimen. Report the
the end-use requirements.
average value obtained and the type of failure. Note the type
15.2 Summary of Test Method—A unidirectional force is
failure that occurs as one of the following:
applied to one end of a specimen while the opposite end is
14.9.1 CAF—Coating Adhesion Failure defined by separa-
fixed in a vertical position. After a fixed time period, the
tion of the coating and fabric.
uniaxial elongation under the specified force is recorded.
14.9.2 AAF—AdhesiveAdhesion Failure defined by separa-
tion of the coating and adhesive.
15.3 Significance and Use—The property measured is the
14.9.3 AF—Adhesive Failure defined by separation within
amountofelongationinaspecificweavedirection(machineor
the adhesive layer.
cross-machine) in a specific roll of fabric when subjected to a
14.9.4 P—Prefix assigned when two failure conditions are
specified force. When combined with a knowledge of the
observed in the same specimen.
biaxial elongation characteristics of a particular style of fabric,
14.9.5 CF—Coating Failure defined by separation within
the amount of elongation is useful in determining the adjust-
the coating.
ments of patterns necessary to produce a stressed structure of
14.9.6 FF—Fabric Failed in tension, no seam failure.
predetermined dimensions.
14.9.7 DF—Delaminationbetweenthelayersofalaminated
15.4 Apparatus and Materials:
fabric.
15.4.1 Ruler, 1 m with 0.5 mm divisions or 24 in. with 0.01
14.10 Calculation—Calculate the average coating adhesion
in. divisions.
to the nearest 0.2 N/cm (0.1 lbf/in.) of width for each direction
15.4.2 Scriber, steel, straight.
of each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.
15.4.3 Knife, razor type.
15.4.4 Adjustable Pin Beam Compass,withdialindicatorin
14.11 Report—Report that the specimens were tested as
accordance with Fig. 1 or other equivalent measuring device.
directed in Test Method D4851 for adhesion of coating to
fabric. Describe the material tested and the method of sam-
pling. Report the coating adhesion for each laboratory sam-
pling unit and for the lot. Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
Metric Equivalents
in. mm in. mm
3 10
⁄64 1 ⁄32 15
1 5
⁄16 2 ⁄8 16
7 25
⁄64 3 ⁄32 20
3 7
⁄16 5 ⁄8 22
⁄4 61 25
7 1
⁄16 11 1 ⁄8 29
⁄2 13 10 254
26 660
FIG. 1 Adjustable Pin Beam Compass (continued)
15.4.5 Static Load Test Rack, in accordance with Fig. 2,or width being plus one yarn, minus zero yarns. If part of a yarn
equivalent. falls under the 25 mm (1 in.) mark, include the complete yarn
in the specimen width. Cut the specimens so that yarns along
NOTE 6—The dimensions in Fig. 2 are for illustrative purposes.
the specimen edges are not nicked or cut. Specimens may not
Although the static load test rack using the dimensions in Fig. 2 has been
contain a fabric defect. Using a pencil or marking pen, mark
used in the industry, other test rack configurations can be constructed
providing they meet the conditions of the uniaxial elongation under static
each specimen near one end with the sample identification,
force test procedure in this test method for the specimen size and static
location, and fabric direction.
load requirements.
NOTE 7—Cutting between yarns along the edges of specimens may be
15.4.6 Specimen Hold-Down Bar—Fabricate a 380 by 38
facilitated if a scribe is drawn, with heavy pressure, several times along
mm (15 by 1.5 in.) bar made from 3-mm ( ⁄8-in.) thick steel or
the path of the intended cut.
aluminum with a 280 mm (11 in.) long by 9.5 mm ( ⁄8 in.) slot
15.6 Procedure:
in the middle.
15.6.1 Zero the beam compass and set the span to 250 mm
15.4.7 Force Gauge, 500×1.0 N (100×0.1 lbf).
(10 in.) using the steel ruler.
15.4.8 Force Gauge Mounting Bracket—Fabricateabracket
15.6.2 Position the dial indicator about ⁄4 the distance from
with attached hooks to measure the force at the specimen
holders in accordance with Fig. 3. one end of the beam, with the measuring foot toward the long
section of the beam. Secure the indicator to the beam with the
15.4.9 Force Gauge Verification Weight, as specified in an
applicable purchase order or contract. locking screw.
15.4.10 Timer, to measure 8 h 6 10 min. 15.6.3 Holdthebeamcompassinaverticalpositionwiththe
15.4.11 Pencil, or marking pen.
dial indicator at the top.
15.6.4 Move the adjustable upper pin assembly until the
15.5 Specimen Preparation—Prepare four specimens from
small 0.25 mm (0.1 in.)/division counter dial is on “zero.”
each swatch in the laboratory sample with the long dimension
15.6.5 Unlock the dial face and move the outer scale 0.025
in the machine direction and with no two specimens from a
mm (0.001 in.)/division to “zero.”
swatchcontainingthesamewarpends.Preparefourspecimens
from each swatch in the laboratory sample with the long 15.6.6 Using care not to move the upper pin, hold the ruler
dimension in the cross-machine direction and with no two up to the pins and move the lower pin assembly until the
specimens from a swatch containing the same filling ends. Cut distance between the pins is 250 6 0.25 mm (10 6 0.01 in.).
fourspecimens610 613by25mm(24 6 ⁄2by1in.)withthe Tighten the lower pin assembly locking screw.
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 2 Static Loading Test Rack
15.6.7 Using the ruler again, move the upper pin assembly 15.6.10.4 Remove the beam compass and circle both pin-
until the distance between the pins is 250 6 0.25 mm (10 6 holes in the fabric with a marking pen.
0.01 in.).
15.6.10.5 Repeat 15.6.10.1 – 15.6.10.4 for each specimen.
15.6.8 Move the dial indicator scale again until the scale is
15.6.11 Check the force gauge zero and calibration against
at “zero.” Tighten the dial scale lock.
the verification weight, then check the test rack for force
15.6.9 Check that both dials on the indicator are on zero,
calibration by connecting the force gauge from the top speci-
thenrecheckthedistancebetweenthepinswiththeruler.Ifnot
men holder to the lower holder. Adjust to the specified force.
250 6 0.25 mm (10 6 0.01 in.) on the ruler, repeat 15.6.7 and
15.6.12 Mount the specimens in the force rack.
15.6.8.
15.6.13 Raisetheforcearmandinsertthelockingpininthe
15.6.10 Perform the initial (zero force) fabric measurement.
mounting bracket to hold the arm in the raised position.
15.6.10.1 With the specimen on a smooth table top, center
15.6.14 Hold a specimen vertical with the upper pinhole
the specimen hold-down bar lengthwise on the specimen.
approximately even with the lower bar of the upper specimen
Center the slot between the sides of the specimen.
holder.Inserttheupperendofthespecimenovertheupperbar
15.6.10.2 Place the stationary pin in the center of the slot
and down behind both bars. Pull the inserted end forward,
about 13 mm ( 0.5 in.) from one end. With the point located
around the lower bar and bring it up behind and over the top
between yarns, press it into the fabric far enough to leave a
bar (from back to front). Check to see that the pinhole is about
small hole in the coating.
6mm( ⁄4 in.) below the lower bar, align the end with the main
15.6.10.3 With the adjustable pin in the center of the slot,
portionofthespecimen,andcenterthespecimenintheholder.
observe where the pin touches the fabric. If it does not fall
Pull down on the main portion of the specimen to lock the end
between yarns, increase the pin spacing by moving the adjust-
between the upper bar and the main portion of the specimen
ablepinassemblyuntilthatpinreachesthenextspacebetween
(see Fig. 4).
yarns. Press the pin into the fabric, leaving a small hole in the
coating and record the measurement to the nearest 0.025 mm 15.6.15 Place the bottom end of the specimen around the
lower bar of the bottom specimen holder and up behind both
(0.001in.).Makeandrecordasecondreadingbyremovingthe
beam compass, moving the adjustable pin several turns of the bars. Bring the end forward over the top bar and down around
the lower bar (from back to front) and up behind the main
thumb wheel, and then making a second measurement. If the
portion of the specimen. Pull on the end and feed specimen
readings differ by more than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.), discard both
through the holder until an appropriate amount of slack
readingsandmaketwonewmeasurements.Ifthereadingsstill
remains between the upper and lower holders.
differ by more than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.), determine the cause
and correct before continuing. Record the average of the two
NOTE 8—The amount of slack necessary to achieve an acceptable arm
measurements as M . When making measurements, any force
angle is estimated according to the fabric direction. Different fabric
on the pins will cause the pins or beam to deflect or the
materials, fabric mass per unit areas, constructions and test forces will
pinholes to become elongated and cause reading errors. affect the amount of slack needed to level the arm assembly.
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FIG. 2 Static Loading Rack (continued)
15.6.16 Raise the arm slightly and remove the locking pin. in.). Remove the beam compass, move the adjustable pin to a
Slowly lower the arm, allowing more force to be applied until different reading, and perform a second measurement. If the
the fabric ceases to elongate and supports the force entirely. values are within 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) of each other, report the
Check the arm angle. If the end of the force arm is more than average of the two measurements as M. If not within 0.25 mm
50 mm (2 in.) above or below an imaginary line drawn at 1.57 (0.010 in.), take two additional measurements and discard the
radians(90°)tothespecimenatthepivotpoint(seeFig.4),lift firsttwomeasurements.Ameasurementmaybetakenafter1to
the arm and lengthen or shorten the specimen as needed. 2minhavepassedsincetheapplicationofthefullforce.When
Reapply the force very slowly and check the arm angle is requested, measure at other force/time intervals. Indicate the
within the 50 mm (2 in.) limits. Note the time the force is total time from the original force application with each set of
applied at the correct arm angle. measurements if different than specified.
15.6.17 After 8 6 0.25 h have passed since the application
15.7 Calculation:
ofthefullforce,remeasurethelengthofthespecimenbetween
15.7.1 Calculate the elongation under static load for each
thepinholesbyplacingthestationarypinofthebeamcompass
specimen to the nearest 0.01% by Eq 1:
in the lower pinhole, and moving the adjustable pin to mate
with the upper pinhole. Measure the specimen length while M 2 M
~ !
ε 5 3100 (1)
under the fully applied force to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 M
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FIG. 2 Static Loading Rack (continued)
FIG. 2 Static Loading Rack (continued)
where: 15.8.2 Report the following information:
ε = elongation, %,
15.8.2.1 The force applied and the test duration.
M = length measurement after application of full force
15.8.2.2 The average elongation under static load for each
(15.6.17), mm (in.), and
direction of each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.
M = length measurement before application of force
(15.6.10.2), mm (in.). 15.9 Precision and Bias:
15.9.1 Precision—TheprecisionofTestMethodsD4851for
15.7.2 Calculatetheaverageelongationunderstaticloadfor
uniaxial elongation under static force of fabrics for architec-
each direction of each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.
tural use is given in 24.2.
15.8 Report:
15.8.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in
Test Method D4851 for uniaxial elongation under static load.
Describe the material and the method of sampling used.
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 2 Static Loading Rack (continued)
15.9.2 Bias—The uniaxial elongation under static force of least 10 mm (0.5 in.) at each end. Make the total number of
fabrics for architectural use can only be defined in terms of a lengthwise yarns in each specimen equal to the yarn count per
specified test method. Within this limitation, the procedure for 25.4 mm (1 in.) in that direction. Take care that the long side
uniaxial elongation under static force in Test Methods D4851 of each test specimen follows a yarn component even if the
has no known bias. long side of the test specimen is not a straight line. Cut the test
specimens in the cross-machine direction adjacent to test
16. Breaking Force
specimens cut in the machine direction.
16.1 Determine the breaking force in kN/m (lbf/in.) of
NOTE 9—The use of transmitted light may help to guide the cutting
fabric in both the machine direction and cross-machine direc-
edge along the yarn component. For fabrics with severe weave distortion,
itmaybenecessarytofree-handcutthespecimenstopermitfollowingthe
tion as directed in Test Method D5035, 25.4-mm (1-in.) cut
yarncontoursandavoidingnickingtheoutsideyarns.Thecorrectnumber
strip excluding preconditioning, using five specimens in both
of yarns in the lengthwise direction of the specimen must be maintained
the machine direction and cross-machine direction. When
even if the width of the specimen varies from 25.4 mm (1 in.).
required, conduct tests in both the wet and dry condition. Use
16.1.4 When both wet and conditioned breaking force of
aCREtypetensiletestingmachineoperatedat50 63mm/min
fabric are required, run paired breaks on test specimens
(2.0 6 0.1 in./min) unless specified otherwise. The distance
containingthesameyarnsbycuttingeachtestspecimenatleast
between clamps shall be 75 6 1 mm (3.0 6 0.05 in.).
twice as long as required for a conditioned test. Number each
16.1.1 The use of hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems
specimenateachendandthencutcrosswiseintotwoparts,one
withaminimumof50by75mm(2by3in.)serratedjawfaces
for determining the wet breaking force. Prepare specimens for
having a clamping force at the grip face of 10 to 14 kN (2000
wet breaking force by soaking 24 6 1.0 h under 75 to 100 mm
to 3100 lbf) is recommended. The 75 mm (3.0 in.) dimension
(3 to 4 in.) of distilled water at 21 to 27°C (70 to 80°F).After
ofthejawfaceispreferredinthedirectionoftest;however,the
soaking24h,removethespecimens,patdrywithanabsorbent
50 mm (2.0 in.) dimension is permitted. Manual clamping is
paper towel, and test within 5 min of removal from the water.
permitted providing no slippage of the specimen is observed.
16.2 Precision and Bias—The precision and bias of the
Regardless of the clamp size or jaw orientation, use a gauge
procedure in Test Methods D4851 for measuring breaking
length of 75 6 1 mm (3.0 6 0.05 in.).
strength are as specified in Test Method D5035.
16.1.2 When using jaw faces other than serrated, such as
rubber-facedjaws,theymaybecoveredwithaNo.80medium
17. Breaking Force After Crease Fold
grit emery cloth. Secure the emery cloth to the jaw faces with
17.1 Scope—This test method determines the resistance to
pressure sensitive tape.
creasing and folding by measuring the breaking force after
16.1.3 From each swatch in the laboratory sample, cut and
repeated folding and force applications.
label five test specimens in the machine direction and five test
specimens in the cross-machine direction. Cut the test speci- 17.2 Summary of Method—Astripoffabricisfoldedandthe
mens long enough to extend through the clamps and project at looped end rolled with a cylinder of specified mass. A
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 2 Static Loading Rack (continued)
specimen containing the fold is cut from the folded strip and 17.4.4 Steel Rule, 300 mm (12 in.) by 25 mm (1 in.) with 2
broken on a CRE-type tensile testing machine. mm ( ⁄16 in.) divisions.
17.3 Significance and Use—Fabric sections are subjected to
17.5 Sample Preparation:
repeated folding and force applications to folds during pack-
17.5.1 Unroll the sample on a smooth, flat surface.
agingandfabrication.Thismethodisintendedtodeterminethe
17.5.2 Using a steel rule and razor knife, cut five 50 by 200
breaking force after these repeated foldings and force applica-
mm (2 by 8 in.) specimens each in the machine and cross-
tions.Test Method D4851 for determining breaking force after
machine directions. No two specimens shall contain the same
crease-fold is useful for judging the compliance of shipments
warp yarns for the machine direction test or the same filling
with material specifications.
yarns for the cross-machine direction test. Take no specimen
nearer the selvage than ⁄10 of the fabric width.
17.4 Apparatus and Materials:
17.5.3 Loop each specimen end to end and hold on a flat
17.4.1 Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Tensile Testing
surface. Do not flatten the loop by hand.
Machine, with clamp control as prescribed in the breaking
force section of this standard. 17.5.4 Roll the specimen with a 4.5 kg (10 lb) cylindrical
17.4.2 Mass, 4.5 kg (10 lb), cylindrical, approximately 90 mass, unless otherwise specified, by placing the mass near the
mm (3.5 in.) diameter by 100 mm (4 in.) length. free ends and roll to and over the looped end. Do not push
17.4.3 Knife, razor type, for specimen cutting. down on the mass, push horizontally and roll only in one
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 2 Static Loading Rack (continued)
direction, from open end to looped end. The mass must roll 18. Elongation at Break
perpendicularlytotheloopandpassoverthefoldsothatallthe
18.1 Determine the elongation at break for each roll in the
mass is passed over the fold at the same instant. Roll the mass
lotsampleasdirectedinTestMethodD5035whendetermining
atarateinwhichitwilltraversethespecimeninapproximately
breaking force for both the machine and cross-machine direc-
1s.
tions.
17.5.5 After rolling the mass over the loop of the specimen,
pick up the mass and place it back near the end of the
19. Trapezoid Tear Strength
specimen. Repeat creasing of the fold nine additional times
19.1 Determine the trapezoid tear strength of fabric in
until a total of ten rolls have been applied.
kilonewtons (pound-force) in both the machine direction and
17.5.6 Unfold the specimens and lay on flat surface. Do not
cross-machine direction as directed in Test Method D5587,
unfold beyond 3.14 rad (180°).
using five specimens in both the machine direction and
17.5.7 Withtherazorknife,cuta200by25mm(8by1in.)
cross-machine direction. Use a CRE type tensile testing ma-
specimenfromeachofthecreasedspecimensasdirectedinthe
chine operated at 300 6 10 mm (12.0 6 0.5 in.)/min, unless
breaking strength procedure in this standard.
specified otherwise. The distance between clamps shall be 25
17.6 Procedure: 61mm(1 6 0.05 in.). Calculate the average tear strength
from each of the machine and cross-machine directions, using
17.6.1 Determine the breaking force after crease-fold of
the five highest peak forces recorded for each tear direction.
fabric specimens for both the machine direction and cross-
machine direction as directed in the breaking force procedure
19.1.1 The use of hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems
in this standard. withaminimumof50by75mm(2by3in.)serratedjawfaces
having a clamping force at the grip faces of 10 to 14 kN (2000
17.6.2 Position the crease-folded area approximately mid-
to 3100 lbf) is recommended. Manual clamping is permitted
way between the upper and lower clamps in the tensile testing
providing no slippage of the specimen is observed.
machine.
19.1.2 For best results when using jaw faces other than
17.7 Report—Report the average breaking force of five
serrated, such as rubber faced jaws, they may be covered with
specimens after crease-fold to the nearest 5 N/m (1.0 lbf/in.).
a No. 80 to 120 medium grit emery cloth. Secure the emery
17.8 Precision and Bias: cloth to the jaw faces with pressure sensitive tape.
17.8.1 Precision—The precision and bias of Test Methods 19.1.3 Test specimens cut in the cross-machine direction
D4851 for breaking force after crease-fold of fabrics for shall be cut in close proximity to test specimens cut in the
architectural use are as specified in 24.2 and 24.3. machine direction.
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 2G
Metric Equivalents
in. mm in. mm
3 3
⁄32 22 ⁄4 70
1 7
⁄8 32 ⁄8 73
⁄32 43 76
13 1
⁄64 53 ⁄8 79
3 1
⁄16 53 ⁄2 89
1 5
⁄4 63 ⁄8 92
⁄16 8 4 102
⁄32 9 5 127
⁄32 10 6 152
⁄8 10 7 178
⁄16 11 8 203
1 5
⁄2 13 8 ⁄8 219
5 3
⁄8 16 8 ⁄4 222
⁄4 19 10 254
7 1
⁄8 22 10 ⁄4 260
1 25 12 305
1 ⁄8 29 16 406
1 ⁄4 32 17 432
1 ⁄16 33 30 457
3 7
1 ⁄8 35 20 ⁄8 530
1 5
1 ⁄2 38 25 ⁄8 651
3 3
1 ⁄4 44 25 ⁄4 654
7 1
1 ⁄8 48 29 ⁄2 724
2 51 36 1067
2 ⁄8 54 96 2438
2 ⁄8 60 108 2743
1 1
2 ⁄2 64 126 ⁄2 3213
FIG. 2 Static Loading Rack (continued)
20. Resistance to Artificial Weathering testing. The decision on which test procedure to use is
determined by agreement between the purchaser and supplier
20.1 Expose the fabric by one of the following three test
based on historical data and experience of the contractual
method options as directed by an applicable material specifi-
parties. Because the natural environment varies with respect to
cation or contract.
time, geography, and topography, it may be expected that the
20.1.1 All three test method options for determination of
effects of natural exposure will vary accordingly. Not all
resistance to artificial weathering are considered satisfactory
materials are affected equally by the same environment.
for acceptance testing of fabric for architectural use because
they have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance Resultsobtainedbytheuseofanyofthesetestmethodoptions
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 3 Force Gauge Mounting Bracket
FIG. 3 Force Gauge Mounting Bracket (continued)
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 3B
Metric Equivalents
in. mm in. mm
1 3
⁄16 2 ⁄4 19
⁄8 31 25
3 1
⁄16 51 ⁄8 29
1 1
⁄4 61 ⁄2 38
5 3
⁄16 81 ⁄4 44
3 1
⁄8 10 2 ⁄8 54
1 1
⁄2 13 2 ⁄4 57
⁄16 14 8 203
FIG. 3 Force Gauge Mounting Bracket (continued)
should not be represented as equivalent to those of any natural follows: 102 min of light only at 63 6 3°C (145 6 5°F) black
weatheringtestunlessthedegreeofquantitativecorrelationhas panel temperature, and 50 6 5% relative humidity, followed
been established between the purchaser and supplier. There is
by 18 min of light and water spray. When radiometers capable
a distinct difference in spectral distribution between the xenon of monitoring discrete portions of a continuous spectrum are
lamp, the sunshine carbon arc lamp, and the UV fluorescent
available, set the minimum level of irradiance to 0.35 6 0.01
lamp test method options. Consequently, they cannot be used
W/m controlled at 340 nm. When this capability is not
interchangeably unless the degree of quantitative correlation
available, wattage settings shall be as defined in Practice G26.
has been established between the purchaser and supplier.
20.4 Option 2—Sunshine Carbon Arc—Exposethefabricas
NOTE 10—In general, industry has used Option 1, Xenon lamp
directed in Practice G23, Method 1. The sunshine carbon arc
exposure, for fluoropolymer coated fabrics, and Option 2, Sunshine
apparatus shall be a type EH. The apparatus shall be equipped
Carbon Arc lamp exposure, for vinyl coated fabrics. Option 3, UV
with flat No. 7058 Corex D filter panes or equivalent as
Fluorescent Condensation, generally used to predict color change, has
described in Practice G23. Use the appropriate cycle cam to
been used with silicone coated fabric with respect to loss of strength. In
any event, these test method options cannot be used interchangeably
provide 120-min cycles as follows: 102 min of light only at 63
unless the degree of quantitative correlation has been established between
6 3°C (145 6 5°F) black panel temperature, and 50 65%
the purchaser and supplier.
relative humidity, followed by 18 min of light and water spray.
20.2 Test Specimens—For each selected test method option,
20.5 Option 3—Fluorescent Lamp—Expose the fabric as
expose sufficient material to obtain five breaking strength
directed in Practice G53. Use an operating cycle to provide 4
determinationsandthreetrapezoidtearstrengthdeterminations
hUVexposureat60°Cand4hcondensationexposureat40°C.
for each, the machine and cross-machine directions unless
otherwise specified.
20.6 Expose the fabrics ensuring that the side of the fabric
20.3 Option 1—Xenon Lamp—Expose the fabric as directed to be exposed to the elements in actual use is the side exposed
to the light source. Expose for time increments of 1000 and
inPracticeG26,MethodA.Thexenonlampapparatusshallbe
a type BH. The apparatus shall be equipped with an inner and 4000 clock hours unless otherwise specified. Record the total
radiant exposure in kJ/m for each time increment when
outer borosilicate filter glass as described in Practice G26. Use
the appropriate cycle cam to provide 120-min cycles as available.
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D4851 − 07 (2019)
FIG. 4 Uniaxial Elongation Test Set Up
20.7 Determine the breaking strength and trapezoid tear make evaluations of solar heat gain. Option 2 is useful when
strengths for each machine direction and cross-machine direc- light transmission in the visible range is essential. Each has its
tion exposed samples, as directed in this standard.
own application depending on the degree of solar optical
needs.Consequently,thesetwomethodoptionscannotbeused
20.8 Report the test option used and the breaking strength
interchangeably.
and trapezoid tear strength values obtained.
21.1.1 Priortotesting,treatspecimensbyartificiallybleach-
21. Solar Optical Properties
ing as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. In
the absence of such an agreement, the supplier may use their
21.1 Determinethesolaropticalpropertiesoffabricsbyone
normal practice.
ormoreofthefollowingtwotestmethodoptionsasdirectedby
an applicable material specification or contract. Both methods
NOTE11—PTFEcoatedfabricsbleachtoawhitestatewhenexposedto
fordeterminingsolarpropertiesareusedforacceptancetesting
ultravioletlight.Asignificantchangeinopticalpropertiesoccursfromthe
of fabrics for architectural use since they have been used
“asproduced”statetoafullybleachedfabricthathasbeenexposedtothe
extensivelyinthetradeforacceptancetesting.Thedecisionon
outdoor environment. Prior to testing, the material must be artificially
bleached to induce this exposed condition. There are a number of
which test method option to use is determined by agreement
procedures that have been used to accelerate the bleaching process. An
between the purchaser and supplier. It is generally based on
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier must be made as to
particularjobtype,location,andvariousstatebuildingcodesas
which method to use based upon mathematical correlation. Likewise, for
definedbythecontracturalparties.Thereisadistinctdifference
fabrics other than PTFE coated, agreement between the purchaser and the
between each of the test method options. Option 1 is useful
supplier must be made whether this bleaching, or other treatment, is
when translucency of the full light spectrum is essential to needed prior to testing for optical properties.
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TABLE 1 Fabric, Types, Test Procedures, and Number of
...