ASTM E456-13a(2022)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
ABSTRACT
This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics. A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics.
1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative standard will be editorially changed in this standard. Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially added to this standard with an attribution to that standard.
1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: E456 − 13a (Reapproved 2022) An American National Standard
Standard Terminology
Relating to Quality and Statistics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—New terms were added in April 2024.
1. Scope E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard for
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
and Statistics.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an
E1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests
E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative
E1325 Terminology Relating to Design of Experiments
for that term. Any changes in the term definition in the
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
normative standard will be editorially changed in this standard.
E1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing
Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially added
and Applying Test Methods
to this standard with an attribution to that standard.
E1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and
1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be LTPD Sampling Plans
noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered
E2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attri-
normative for any E11 terms.
butes Indexed by AQL
E2281 Practice for Process Capability and Performance
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Measurement
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
E2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound for a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rate
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of Occurrence for Non-Conformities, Using Attribute
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Data, When There is a Zero Response in the Sample
2. Referenced Documents
E2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample and
2 Two-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing Programs
2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:
E2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
tainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using Control
Determine Conformance with Specifications
Chart Techniques
E105 Guide for Probability Sampling of Materials
E2555 Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
E2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
Lot or Process
E2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the
Process Control
Results of Probability Sampling
E2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results and
Use of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in ASTM Test
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality Methods
and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/
E2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on the
Terminology.
Exponential Distribution
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally
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E2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Comply
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E456 – 13a (2017) .
DOI: 10.1520/E0456-13AR22E01.
with an Acceptance Procedure
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E2762 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Vari-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ables Indexed by AQL
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. E2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E456 − 13a (2022)
E2819 Practice for Single- and Multi-Level Continuous attributes, method of, n—measurement of quality by the
Sampling of a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by method of attributes consists of noting the presence (or
AQL absence) of some characteristic or attribute in each of the
E2935 Practice for Evaluating Equivalence of Two Testing units in the group under consideration, and counting how
Processes many units do (or do not) possess the quality attribute, or
E3080 Practice for Regression Analysis with a Single Pre- how many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.
dictor Variable E2334
E3159 Guide for General Reliability
audit subsample, n—a small subsample of a sample selected
E3264 Guide for Homogeneity of Samples and Reference
for review of all sample selection and data collection
Materials Used for Inter- and Intra-Laboratory Studies
procedures. E141
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3534 Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols
average outgoing quality (AOQ), n—the average percent
Part 2 Applied Statistics
defective of outgoing product including all accepted lots or
batches, after any defective units found in them are replaced
3. Terminology
by acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are not
acceptance quality limit (AQL), n—quality limit that is the accepted after such lots or batches have been effectively
worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of 100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-
lots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234 able units. E1994
accepted reference value, n—a value that serves as an
average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), n—the maximum of
agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived
the AOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective for
as: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientific
the process, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994
principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on
average quality protection, n—a type of protection in which
experimental work of some national or international
there is prescribed some chosen value of average percent
organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on
defective in the product after inspection (average outgoing
collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a
quality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the long
scientific or engineering group. E177
run no matter what may be the level of percent defective in
accuracy, n—the closeness of agreement between a test result
the product submitted to the inspector. E1994
and an accepted reference value. E177
average run length (ARL), n—the average number of times
aliases, n—in a fractional factorial design, two or more effects
that a process will have been sampled and evaluated before
which are estimated by the same contrast and which,
a shift in process level is signaled. E2587
therefore, cannot be estimated separately. E1325
B life, n—for continuous variables, the life at which there is
p
alternative hypothesis, H , n—a probability distribution or
a
a probability (expressed as a percentage) of failure at or less
type of probability distribution distinguished from the null
than this value. E3159
hypothesis. E2586
balanced incomplete block design (BIB), n—an incomplete
analysis of variance (ANOVA), n—statistical models and
block design in which each block contains the same number
associated procedures, in which the observed variance is
k of different versions from the t versions of a single
partitioned into components due to different explanatory
principal factor arranged so that every pair of versions
variables. E1325
occurs together in the same number, λ, of blocks from the b
blocks. E1325
analysis of variance table, n—a tabular summary of results
from a regression model or an experimental design for the
bias, n—the difference between the expectation of the test
purpose of evaluating effects of factors. E1325
results and an accepted reference value. E177
area sampling, n—probability sampling in which a map, rather
binary scale, n—nominal scale with only two possible
than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the sampling
categories. E2282
frame. E1402
binary test result, n—a test result for which the final value is
assignable cause, n—factor that contributes to variation in a
one of two possible categories. E2282
process or product output that is feasible to detect and
identify (see special cause). E2587
block factor, n—a factor that indexes division of experimental
units into disjoint subsets. E1325
attributes data, n—observed values or test results that indicate
the presence or absence of specific characteristics or counts
bulk sampling, n—sampling to prepare a portion of a mass of
of occurrences of events in time or space. E2587
material that is representative of the whole. E1402
c chart, n—control chart that monitors the count of occur-
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
rences of an event in a defined increment of time or space.
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. E2587
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E456 − 13a (2022)
calibration, n—process of establishing a relationship between confidence limit, n—each of the limits, L and U, of a
a measurement device and a known standard value(s). confidence interval, or the limit of a one-sided confidence
E2782 interval. E2586
center line, n—line on a control chart depicting the average confounded factorial design, n—a factorial experiment in
level of the statistic being monitored. E2587
which only a fraction of the treatment combinations are run
in each block and where the selection of the treatment
chance cause, n—source of inherent random variation in a
combinations assigned to each block is arranged so that one
process which is predictable within statistical limits (see
or more prescribed effects is (are) confounded with the block
common cause). E2587
effect(s), while the other effects remain free from
confounding. E1325
characteristic, n—a property of items in a sample or popula-
tion which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,
confounding, n—combining indistinguishably the main effect
helps to distinguish among the items. E2282
of a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-
tions) with the effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) or
check sample, n—see control sample. E2554
interactions(s). E1325
classification of defects, n—the enumeration of possible de-
consumer’s risk, n—probability that a lot having specified
fects of the unit of product arranged according to their
rejectable quality level will be accepted under a defined
seriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234
sampling plan. E2555
cluster sampling, n—sampling in which the sampling unit
continuous sampling inspection, n—a method of sampling a
consists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured for
stream of product in order of production where the sampling
sampled clusters. E1402
frequency is adjusted based on ongoing inspection results.
coefficient of variation (CV), n—for a nonnegative
E2819
characteristic, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean
for a population or sample. E2586 contrast, n—a linear function of the observations for which the
sum of the coefficients is zero. E1325
collaborative study, n—interlaboratory study in which each
contrast analysis, n—a technique for estimating the param-
laboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyze
identical portions of homogeneous materials to assess the eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselected
linear combinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325
performance characteristics obtained for that method of
analysis. E2489
control chart, n—chart on which are plotted a statistical
collaborative trial, n—see collaborative study. E2489
measure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along with
limits based on the statistical distribution of that measure so
common cause, n—see chance cause. E2587
as to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variation
is inherent in the process or product. E2587
completely randomized design, n—a design in which the
treatments are assigned at random to the full set of experi-
control chart factor, n—a tabulated constant, depending on
mental units. E1325
sample size, used to convert specified statistics or parameters
completely randomized factorial design, n—a factorial ex- into a central line value or control limit appropriate to the
control chart. E2587
periment (including all replications) run in a completely
randomized design. E1325
control limits, n—limits on a control chart that are used as
component of variance, n—a part of a total variance identified criteria for signaling the need for action or judging whether
a set of data does or does not indicate a state of statistical
with a specified source of variability. E1488
control based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587
composite design, n—a design developed specifically for
fitting second order response surfaces to study curvature, control sample, n—sample taken from a stable, homogeneous
constructed by adding further selected treatments to those material for the purposes of monitoring the performance of
n
obtained from a 2 factorial (or its fraction). E1325 a test method in a laboratory. E2554
confidence bound, n—see confidence limit. E2586
critical defect, n—a defect that judgment and experience
indicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions for
confidence coefficient, n—see confidence level. E2586
individuals using, maintaining, or depending upon the
confidence interval, n—an interval estimate [L, U] with the product, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate is
statistics L and U as limits for the parameter θ and with likely to prevent performance of the function of a major end
confidence level 1-α, where Pr(L ≤ θ ≤ U) ≥ 1-α. E2586 item. E2234
confidence level, n—the value, 1-α, of the probability
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