ASTM D7340-07(2018)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Thermal Conductivity of Leather
Standard Practice for Thermal Conductivity of Leather
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Part of the function of a shoe is to assist the foot in maintaining body temperature and to guard against large heat changes. The insulating property of a material used in shoe construction is dependent on porosity or the amount of air spaces present. A good insulating material has a low thermal conductivity value, k. The thermal conductivity value increases with an increase in moisture content since the k value for water is high, 0.0014 cal/s cm · °C (0.59 W/m·K).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to determine the thermal conductivity of a sheet material. This practice is not limited to leather, but may be used for any poorly conductive material such as rubber, textile and cork associated with the construction of shoes.
1.2 A constant heat source is sandwiched between two identical metal cylinders which are mounted with their axes vertical. A test specimen is placed on the top surface of the upper cylinder and a third identical metal cylinder is placed on top of the test specimen so that all the cylinders and the test specimen are concentrically aligned (see Fig. 1). The heat source is switched on and the temperatures of the three blocks allowed to reach equilibrium. The thermal conductivity of the test specimen is then determined from the steady-state temperatures of the three blocks, the exposed surface areas of the blocks and test specimen and the thickness of the test specimen.
FIG. 1 SATRA Lees' Disc Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
1.3 This practice does not apply to wet blue.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D7340 − 07 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Thermal Conductivity of Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1 2
ε NOTE—In 9.4.3,[D]2x was editorially corrected to [D] x in November 2020.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice is intended to determine the thermal
D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Prod-
conductivity of a sheet material. This practice is not limited to
ucts for Testing
leather, but may be used for any poorly conductive material
D1813 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather
such as rubber, textile and cork associated with the construc-
Test Specimens
tion of shoes.
2.2 Other Standard:
1.2 A constant heat source is sandwiched between two
SATRA TM 146 Thermal Conductivity
identical metal cylinders which are mounted with their axes
vertical. A test specimen is placed on the top surface of the
3. Terminology
upper cylinder and a third identical metal cylinder is placed on
3.1 Definitions:
top of the test specimen so that all the cylinders and the test
3.2 thermal conductivity—the quantity of heat conducted
specimen are concentrically aligned (see Fig. 1). The heat
per unit time through unit area of a slab of unit thickness
source is switched on and the temperatures of the three blocks
having unit temperature difference between its faces.
allowed to reach equilibrium. The thermal conductivity of the
test specimen is then determined from the steady-state tem-
4. Summary of Practice
peratures of the three blocks, the exposed surface areas of the
4.1 Aconditioned specimen of leather (see Practice D1610)
blocks and test specimen and the thickness of the test speci-
is placed between two plates at different temperatures. The
men.
upper plate is at a constant temperature while the temperature
1.3 This practice does not apply to wet blue.
of the lower plate is slowly changing. The temperature differ-
ence is measured by thermocouples. The rate of flow of heat
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
through the specimen is proportional to the area and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
temperature difference of the faces of the specimen, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
inversely proportional to the thickness.Assuming no heat loss,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the amount of heat flowing through the specimen per unit time
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
is equal to the amount of heat received by the lower plate
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
(copper block receiver) per unit time.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5. Significance and Use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5.1 Part of the function of a shoe is to assist the foot in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
maintaining body temperature and to guard against large heat
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
changes. The insulating property of a material used in shoe
construction is dependent on porosity or the amount of air
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leather and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7340-07(2012) . Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7340-07R18E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D7340 − 07 (2018)
FIG. 1 SATRA Lees’ Disc Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
spaces present. A good insulating material has a low thermal 6.1.3 A fourth metal cylindrical block fitted with a thermo-
conductivity value, k.The thermal conductivity value increases couple as (6.1.1) of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm and of thickness 8
with an increase in moisture content since the k value for water 6 2 mm. This is for measuring the ambient temperature of the
is high, 0.0014 cal/s cm · °C (0.59 W/m·K). surroundingatmosphereandwillsubsequentlybereferredtoas
block B4.
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1.4 A power supply unit connected to the heater element
(6.1.2). The unit should be capable of supplying sufficient
6.1 A “Lees’ disc” apparatus, see Fig. 1, consisting of:
power to enable the heater element (6.1.2) to dissipate a power
6.1.1 A metal, see 11.1.2, cylindrical block, which will
density of 400 W/m from each of its circular faces.
subsequently be referred to as block B1, with:
6.1.5 Ameans of measuring the power being supplied to the
6.1.1.1 Adiameter of (D), in millimetres, which is known to
heater element (6.1.3) to an accuracy of 64 mW. See 11.1.2.
an accuracy of 0.2 mm (see 11.1.1).
6.1.6 A method of mounting the heater and block assembly
6.1.1.2 Aheightof(H),inmillimetres,whichisknowntoan
(6.1.2) so that air can circulate freely around all the outside
accuracy of 0.2 mm (see 11.2).
edges of the assembly.
6.1.1.3 A small hole of diameter 2 6 1 mm drilled radially
6.1.7 A device capable of measuring and displaying the
to its center.
temperatures of the thermocouples in the four brass cylindrical
6.1.1.4 A type K thermocouple inserted into the hole until
blocks to an accuracy of 60.2°C.
its junction is at the bottom of the hole.
6.1.1.5 The remaining volume of the hole filled with a high
6.2 A circular press knife of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm.
thermal conductivity compound with a thermal conductivity of
6.3 Adialthicknessgaugewhichappliesapressureof13.86
better than 0.8W/(m°C), for example a metal oxide filled paste
6 0.35 oz (393 6 10 g) on the test specimen and is capable of
of the type used between high power semiconductor electronic
measuring to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. This is identical to the
devices and heat sinks.
gauge used in Test Method D1813.
6.1.2 A circular electrical heater element which:
6.1.2.1 Has a diameter of (D) 6 0.5 mm.
7. Preparation of Test Specimens
6.1.2.2 Is capable of dissipating a minimum power density
7.1 Place the uncut sheet material in a standard controlled
of 400 W/m from each of its circular faces. See 11.1.1.
environment of 20 6 2°C/65 6 2% relative humidity or 23 6
6.1.2.3 Has a cylindrical metal block, see 11.1.3, with
2°C/50 6 2% relative humidity or for a minimum of 48 h.
thermocouple as block B1 (6.1.1), of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm
Include details of the conditions used in the test report.
and of height (H) 6 0.2 mm bonded to its top and bottom faces
7.2 Use the press knife (6.2) to cut two circular test
with a high thermal conductivity adhesive compound. These
s
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D7340 − 07 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Thermal Conductivity of Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1 2
ε NOTE—In 9.4.3, [D]2x was editorially corrected to [D] x in November 2020.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice is intended to determine the thermal 2.1 ASTM Standards:
conductivity of a sheet material. This practice is not limited to D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Prod-
leather, but may be used for any poorly conductive material ucts for Testing
such as rubber, textile and cork associated with the construc- D1813 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather
tion of shoes. Test Specimens
2.2 Other Standard:
1.2 A constant heat source is sandwiched between two
SATRA TM 146 Thermal Conductivity
identical metal cylinders which are mounted with their axes
vertical. A test specimen is placed on the top surface of the
3. Terminology
upper cylinder and a third identical metal cylinder is placed on
3.1 Definitions:
top of the test specimen so that all the cylinders and the test
3.2 thermal conductivity—the quantity of heat conducted
specimen are concentrically aligned (see Fig. 1). The heat
per unit time through unit area of a slab of unit thickness
source is switched on and the temperatures of the three blocks
having unit temperature difference between its faces.
allowed to reach equilibrium. The thermal conductivity of the
test specimen is then determined from the steady-state tem-
4. Summary of Practice
peratures of the three blocks, the exposed surface areas of the
4.1 A conditioned specimen of leather (see Practice D1610)
blocks and test specimen and the thickness of the test speci-
is placed between two plates at different temperatures. The
men.
upper plate is at a constant temperature while the temperature
1.3 This practice does not apply to wet blue.
of the lower plate is slowly changing. The temperature differ-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ence is measured by thermocouples. The rate of flow of heat
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
through the specimen is proportional to the area and the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
temperature difference of the faces of the specimen, and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
inversely proportional to the thickness. Assuming no heat loss,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the amount of heat flowing through the specimen per unit time
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
is equal to the amount of heat received by the lower plate
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
(copper block receiver) per unit time.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5. Significance and Use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5.1 Part of the function of a shoe is to assist the foot in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. maintaining body temperature and to guard against large heat
changes. The insulating property of a material used in shoe
construction is dependent on porosity or the amount of air
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7340-07(2012) . Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7340-07R18E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D7340 − 07 (2018)
FIG. 1 SATRA Lees’ Disc Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
spaces present. A good insulating material has a low thermal 6.1.3 A fourth metal cylindrical block fitted with a thermo-
conductivity value, k. The thermal conductivity value increases couple as (6.1.1) of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm and of thickness 8
with an increase in moisture content since the k value for water 6 2 mm. This is for measuring the ambient temperature of the
is high, 0.0014 cal/s cm · °C (0.59 W/m·K). surrounding atmosphere and will subsequently be referred to as
block B4.
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1.4 A power supply unit connected to the heater element
(6.1.2). The unit should be capable of supplying sufficient
6.1 A “Lees’ disc” apparatus, see Fig. 1, consisting of:
power to enable the heater element (6.1.2) to dissipate a power
6.1.1 A metal, see 11.1.2, cylindrical block, which will
density of 400 W/m from each of its circular faces.
subsequently be referred to as block B1, with:
6.1.5 A means of measuring the power being supplied to the
6.1.1.1 A diameter of (D), in millimetres, which is known to
heater element (6.1.3) to an accuracy of 64 mW. See 11.1.2.
an accuracy of 0.2 mm (see 11.1.1).
6.1.6 A method of mounting the heater and block assembly
6.1.1.2 A height of (H), in millimetres, which is known to an
(6.1.2) so that air can circulate freely around all the outside
accuracy of 0.2 mm (see 11.2).
edges of the assembly.
6.1.1.3 A small hole of diameter 2 6 1 mm drilled radially
6.1.7 A device capable of measuring and displaying the
to its center.
temperatures of the thermocouples in the four brass cylindrical
6.1.1.4 A type K thermocouple inserted into the hole until
blocks to an accuracy of 60.2°C.
its junction is at the bottom of the hole.
6.1.1.5 The remaining volume of the hole filled with a high
6.2 A circular press knife of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm.
thermal conductivity compound with a thermal conductivity of
6.3 A dial thickness gauge which applies a pressure of 13.86
better than 0.8 W/(m°C), for example a metal oxide filled paste
6 0.35 oz (393 6 10 g) on the test specimen and is capable of
of the type used between high power semiconductor electronic
measuring to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. This is identical to the
devices and heat sinks.
gauge used in Test Method D1813.
6.1.2 A circular electrical heater element which:
6.1.2.1 Has a diameter of (D) 6 0.5 mm.
7. Preparation of Test Specimens
6.1.2.2 Is capable of dissipating a minimum power density
7.1 Place the uncut sheet material in a standard controlled
of 400 W/m from each of its circular faces. See 11.1.1.
environment of 20 6 2°C/65 6 2% relative humidity or 23 6
6.1.2.3 Has a cylindrical metal block, see 11.1.3, with
2°C/50 6 2% relative humidity or for a minimum of 48 h.
thermocouple as block B1 (6.1.1), of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm
Include details of the conditions used in the test report.
and of height (H) 6 0.2 mm bonded to its top and bottom faces
7.2 Use the press knife (6.2) to cut two circular test
with a high thermal conductivity adhesive compound. These
specimens of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm.
two blocks will subsequently be referred to as B2 and B3.
(Warning—Do not attempt to separ
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7340 − 07 (Reapproved 2018) D7340 − 07 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Thermal Conductivity of Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1 2
ε NOTE—In 9.4.3, [D]2x was editorially corrected to [D] x in November 2020.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is intended to determine the thermal conductivity of a sheet material. This practice is not limited to leather, but
may be used for any poorly conductive material such as rubber, textile and cork associated with the construction of shoes.
1.2 A constant heat source is sandwiched between two identical metal cylinders which are mounted with their axes vertical. A test
specimen is placed on the top surface of the upper cylinder and a third identical metal cylinder is placed on top of the test specimen
so that all the cylinders and the test specimen are concentrically aligned (see Fig. 1). The heat source is switched on and the
temperatures of the three blocks allowed to reach equilibrium. The thermal conductivity of the test specimen is then determined
from the steady-state temperatures of the three blocks, the exposed surface areas of the blocks and test specimen and the thickness
of the test specimen.
1.3 This practice does not apply to wet blue.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
D1813 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather Test Specimens
2.2 Other Standard:
SATRA TM 146 Thermal Conductivity
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear.
ɛ1
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7340-07(2012) . DOI:
10.1520/D7340-07R18.10.1520/D7340-07R18E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D7340 − 07 (2018)
FIG. 1 SATRA Lees’ Disc Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
3.2 thermal conductivity—the quantity of heat conducted per unit time through unit area of a slab of unit thickness having unit
temperature difference between its faces.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 A conditioned specimen of leather (see Practice D1610) is placed between two plates at different temperatures. The upper plate
is at a constant temperature while the temperature of the lower plate is slowly changing. The temperature difference is measured
by thermocouples. The rate of flow of heat through the specimen is proportional to the area and the temperature difference of the
faces of the specimen, and inversely proportional to the thickness. Assuming no heat loss, the amount of heat flowing through the
specimen per unit time is equal to the amount of heat received by the lower plate (copper block receiver) per unit time.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Part of the function of a shoe is to assist the foot in maintaining body temperature and to guard against large heat changes.
The insulating property of a material used in shoe construction is dependent on porosity or the amount of air spaces present. A
good insulating material has a low thermal conductivity value, k. The thermal conductivity value increases with an increase in
moisture content since the k value for water is high, 0.0014 cal/s cm · °C (0.59 W/m·K).
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 A “Lees’ disc” apparatus, see Fig. 1, consisting of:
6.1.1 A metal, see 11.1.2, cylindrical block, which will subsequently be referred to as block B1, with:
6.1.1.1 A diameter of (D), in millimetres, which is known to an accuracy of 0.2 mm (see 11.1.1).
6.1.1.2 A height of (H), in millimetres, which is known to an accuracy of 0.2 mm (see 11.2).
6.1.1.3 A small hole of diameter 2 6 1 mm drilled radially to its center.
6.1.1.4 A type K thermocouple inserted into the hole until its junction is at the bottom of the hole.
´1
D7340 − 07 (2018)
6.1.1.5 The remaining volume of the hole filled with a high thermal conductivity compound with a thermal conductivity of better
than 0.8 W/(m°C), for example a metal oxide filled paste of the type used between high power semiconductor electronic devices
and heat sinks.
6.1.2 A circular electrical heater element which:
6.1.2.1 Has a diameter of (D) 6 0.5 mm.
6.1.2.2 Is capable of dissipating a minimum power density of 400 W/m from each of its circular faces. See 11.1.1.
6.1.2.3 Has a cylindrical metal block, see 11.1.3, with thermocouple as block B1 (6.1.1), of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm and of height
(H) 6 0.2 mm bonded to its top and bottom faces with a high thermal conductivity adhesive compound. These two blocks will
subsequently be referred to as B2 and B3. (Warning—Do not attempt to separate these blocks from the heater element.)
6.1.3 A fourth metal cylindrical block fitted with a thermocouple as (6.1.1) of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm and of thickness 8 6 2 mm.
This is for measuring the ambient temperature of the surrounding atmosphere and will subsequently be referred to as block B4.
6.1.4 A power supply unit connected to the heater element (6.1.2). The unit should be capable of supplying sufficient power to
enable the heater element (6.1.2) to dissipate a power density of 400 W/m from each of its circular faces.
6.1.5 A means of measuring the power being supplied to the heater element (6.1.3) to an accuracy of 64 mW. See 11.1.2.
6.1.6 A method of mounting the heater and block assembly (6.1.2) so that air can circulate freely around all the outside edges of
the assembly.
6.1.7 A device capable of measuring and displaying the temperatures of the thermocouples in the four brass cylindrical blocks to
an accuracy of 60.2°C.
6.2 A circular press knife of diameter (D) 6 0.5 mm.
6.3 A dial thickness gauge which applies a pressure of 13.86 6 0.35 oz (393 6 10 g) on the test specimen and is capable of
measuring to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. This is identical to the gauge used in Test Method D1813.
7. Preparation of Test Specimens
7.1 Place the uncut sheet material in a standard controlled environment of 20 6 2°C/65 6 2% relative humidity or 23 6 2°C/50
6 2% relative humidity or for a minimum of 48 h. Include details of the condition
...
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