ASTM D4393-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing Cords or Fabrics to Rubber Compounds
Standard Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing Cords or Fabrics to Rubber Compounds
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of peel adhesion of reinforcing fabrics that are bonded to rubber compounds. It is applicable to either woven or parallel cord textile structures from both natural and manmade fibers and to parallel steel cord structures.
1.2 This test method is primarily used to evaluate tire cords and tire cord fabrics, including steel tire cords, using a suitable tire cord adhesive and a suitable rubber compound. This test method may be used to evaluate tire cord adhesives (fabric dip), metallic (usually brass) coatings on steel cord, and the process of adhesive reaction on the cord using one consistent form of tire cord or fabric and one consistent rubber compound. This test method may be used to evaluate cords and fabrics in industrial hose and belting products and other cord or fabric reinforced rubber products.
1.3 Variables that may contribute to differences in results of this test method include adhesive type, adhesive application procedure, adhesive cure, fiber type, construction of cords or reinforcing fabrics, rubber type, rubber cure, rubber thickness, and cord spacing.
1.3.1 The deleterious effect of ozone in combination with atmospheric moisture on the ability of adhesives to bond with rubber requires assiduous protection of cords prior to rubber embedment.
1.4 This test method is written in SI units. The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided in this test method are not necessarily exact equivalents of the SI units. Either system of units may be used in this test method.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 4393 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing Cords or Fabrics to
Rubber Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the determination of peel 2.1 ASTM Standards:
adhesion of reinforcing fabrics that are bonded to rubber D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
compounds. It is applicable to either woven or parallel cord tiles
textile structures from both natural and manmade fibers and to D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
parallel steel cord structures. D 1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
1.2 This test method is primarily used to evaluate tire cords D 2138 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to
and tire cord fabrics, including steel tire cords, using a suitable Textile Cord
tire cord adhesive and a suitable rubber compound. This test D 2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire
method may be used to evaluate tire cord adhesives (fabric Cords and Rubber
dip), metallic (usually brass) coatings on steel cord, and the
3. Terminology
process of adhesive reaction on the cord using one consistent
form of tire cord or fabric and one consistent rubber com- 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 adhesion, n—the property denoting the ability of a
pound. This test method may be used to evaluate cords and
fabrics in industrial hose and belting products and other cord or material to resist delamination or separation into two or more
layers.
fabric reinforced rubber products.
1.3 Variables that may contribute to differences in results of 3.1.2 adhesion, n—in tire fabrics, the force required to
separate a textile material from rubber or other elastomer by a
this test method include adhesive type, adhesive application
procedure, adhesive cure, fiber type, construction of cords or definite prescribed method.
3.1.3 chafer fabric, n— in tire fabrics, a woven fabric
reinforcing fabrics, rubber type, rubber cure, rubber thickness,
and cord spacing. usually coated with unvulcanized rubber compound, which is
laid around the bead of a tire before vulcanization.
1.3.1 The deleterious effect of ozone in combination with
atmospheric moisture on the ability of adhesives to bond with 3.1.4 curing, n—See the preferred term vulcanization.
3.1.5 fabric dip, n—for tire fabrics, a chemical composition
rubber requires assiduous protection of cords prior to rubber
embedment. which is applied to a textile cord or fabric to improve its
1.4 This test method is written in SI units. The inch-pound adhesion to rubber compounds.
3.1.6 holland cloth, n—a completely filled woven fabric
units in parentheses are provided in this test method are not
necessarily exact equivalents of the SI units. Either system of having a smooth gloss finish on both sides used as a separating
medium for sheeted rubber compounds.
units may be used in this test method.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.7 rubber, n—a material that is capable of recovering
from large deformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- already is, modified to a state in which it is essentially
insoluble (but can swell) in boiling solvent, such as benzene,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. methylethyl ketone, and ethanol-toluene azeotrope.
3.1.8 rubber compound, n— as used in the manufacture of
rubber articles, an intimate mixture of elastomer(s) with all the
1 materials necessary for the finished article.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabrics. 3.1.9 rubberize, v—to impregnate or coat with rubber com-
Current edition approved May 10, 2000. Published July 2000. Originally
pound or both.
published as D 4393 – 85. Last previous edition D 4393 – 98.
Iyengar, Y., “Adhesion Behavior of Nylon Tire Cord/Adhesive/Rubber Sys-
tems,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol 13, 1969, pp. 353–363. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
3 5
Wenghoefer, H. M., “Environmental Effects on RFL Adhesion,” Rubber Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Chemistry and Technology, Vol 47, No. 5, December 1974, pp. 1066–1073. Discontinued 1990—Replaced by D 4776, D 4777.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D4393–00
3.1.10 steel cord, n—a formed structure made of two or 3.1.18.1 Discussion—Fabric stability, sufficient to ensure
more steel filaments when used as an end product or a that fabric can be moved and handled, is imparted by the
combination of strands or filaments and strands. unvulcanized rubber rather than by textile yarns (weft or picks)
3.1.11 steel filament, n—the individual element in a steel as in woven tire cord fabric.
strand or cord. 3.1.19 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
3.1.12 stitch, v—in making rubberized articles, to press method, refer to Terminology D 123. For definitions of other
uncured rubber compound into or around yarns or cords to terms relating to rubber, refer to Terminology D 1566.
form a composite of the materials and to remove entrapped air.
4. Summary of Test Method
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Normally the yarns or cords in the
article are parallel. The stitching tool is normally a rolling disk 4.1 Strap Peel Adhesion From Single Cord—Two pieces of
mounted on an axle for manipulation by hand or by machine. weftless fabric of sufficient size to cover the curing mold cavity
The outer edge of the disk is unsharpened but narrower than the are generated on a rotatable drum (Fig. 1). These two fabrics
intended space between parallel cords. Application of moderate are laid one against the other, with cords in the same direction,
force on this tool accomplishes high local pressure on the to form the pad (Fig. 2). This pad has a nonstick fabric, such as
surface to which it is applied. holland cloth, separating the two fabric layers at one end for a
3.1.13 straightness, n—in steel cord, the property of a cord sufficient distance to eventually permit adjacent ends of each
fabric layer to be separated after curing and grasped separately
characterized by a lack of deviation from its central axis over
short lengths of a cord. in the jaws of a tensile testing machine. The pad is cured in a
plunger-type mold (Fig. 3) and cut into straps in the long
3.1.14 tack, n—for rubber or rubber compounds, a property
that causes two layers of these materials when pressed together direction, parallel to that of the cords. The force to peel one
to adhere at the area of contact. fabric layer from the other is determined in a recording tensile
3.1.15 tire cord, n—as used in this test method, a twisted or testing machine.
formed structure composed of one or more single or plied 4.2 Strap Peel Adhesion From Tire Cord Fabric—Two
filaments, strands, or yarns of organic polymer or inorganic pieces, approximately 100 mm (4 in.) square, are cut from
material(s). woven fabric. These pieces are assembled on a clean flat
3.1.16 tire cord, fabric, n—a fabric consisting of tire cord surface with sheeted rubber compound and a separating mate-
warp with widely spaced, single yarn filling. rial to accomplish a structure like that of Fig. 2. The assembled
3.1.17 vulcanization, n—an irreversible process, usually test pad is cured between heated platens rather than in the
accomplished through the application of heat, during which a plunger-type mold of Fig. 3. Straps are cut from the cured pad
rubber compound through a change in its chemical structure in its long direction parallel to the cords, and the force to peel
(for example, cross linking) becomes less plastic and more one fabric layer from the other is determined in a recording
resistant to swelling by organic liquids, and elastic properties tensile test machine.
are conferred, improved, or extended over a greater range of 4.3 Strap Peel Adhesion From Tire Chafer Fabric, Con-
temperature. veyor Belt Duck, Multi-warp Conveyor Belt, and Other Adhe-
3.1.18 weftless fabric, n— as used in tire building, a sheet sive Treated Fabrics Other Than Tire Cord Fabric—Test pads
are prepared as in 4.2. Straps may be prepared and cut to
of parallel cords surrounded by uncured rubber compound.
NOTE 1—Laydown of cord to a specified number of cords per metre uses the principles of thread cutting on a machining lathe.
FIG. 1 Rotatable Drum and Guide Arrangement
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D4393–00
FIG. 2 Assembly of Components into a Pad from Which Seven Adhesion Specimens (Straps) May Be Cut After Curing
accomplish a peel force in either the warp direction or 90° to established, acceptable control. “H” and“ U” tests (Test Meth-
(across) the warp direction, as agreed between buyer and seller. ods D 2138) provide convenient and rapid adhesion results for
Separate straps are prepared for warp and across-warp direc- acceptance testing of textile cords if needed. For steel cord,
tion except in special cases (see 10.4).
Test Method D 2229 provides convenient and rapid adhesion
4.4 Strap Peel Adhesion Simulating Composites Cut From
results.
Cross-ply Tires—Four layers of weftless or woven fabric are
5.2 Using Woven Fabric—The woven fabric method of
assembled with each adjacent cord layer insulated by rubber
4.2-4.4 is often chosen for rapid adhesion testing of textile
and assembled to provide cord direction in each layer 90° to
woven fabric being adhesive treated in large volume. Fabric is
each adjacent layer. Straps are cut to provide peeling between
tested “as is” and, through experience, constitutes a valuable
the two middle cord layers with peel force direction 45° to the
process control tool. The same basic test can be conveniently
longitudinal axis of the cords.
executed by the receiving customer for process control pur-
poses by sampling rubberized fabric from that to be processed
5. Significance and Use
into finished rubber articles.
5.1 Single Test Cord— Adhesive treating of cords singly or
5.2.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of
adhesive treating individual ends simultaneously (referred to as
commercial shipments of adhesive treated fabric, but duplicate
“multi-cord treating” as opposed to “fabric treating”) and
numerical values for peel force and appearance are not to be
winding the cords as single ends is the most common labora-
expected between two testing locations. Rubber compound
tory method of preparing reinforcement materials for evalua-
differences are only one of many parameters affecting peel
tion in reinforced rubber articles such as tires, belts, and hoses.
force and appearance. Nevertheless, the expected range of
This system of adhesive treating facilitates the study of a large
values which characterize acceptable adhesion can be deter-
number of adhesion variables at minimum cost. This test
mined in any cord-rubber combination with experience. For
method provides a good comparison of variables on adhesion
this reason, the buyer normally establishes a minimum level of
because it produces both an average numerical value of peel
adhesion to be obtained by the seller in the seller’s laboratory
force over several linear centimetres of cord and provides
using either the seller’s standard rubber compound or the
convenient specimens for assessing appearance (see 11.3) of
buyer’s rubber compound on the fabric made to the buyer’s
the peeled area as well. It may be used for purchase specifi-
specification.
cation requirements for adhesive treated cords, steel tire cord,
5.2.2 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
adhesives, rubber compounds, or manufacturing control of
reported test results when using Test Method D 4393 for
such products.
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
5.1.1 Preparation of weftless fabric from single cord is not
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments
there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
of tire cord fabric because single cords of long length cannot be
statistical help is recommended for the investigation of bias. As
conveniently obtained from fabric for drumwinding. See 5.2.2.
5.1.2 This test method is usually not preferred for accep- a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
tance testing of commercial shipments of adhesive treated
cord, such as single end cord for hose. The more usual and are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
convenient method for acceptance testing of such single cords
is to prepare from a shipment a test piece or article in the same to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
manner as the commercial article to be produced and to test laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
cord-adhesion characteristics in this piece in a manner that unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
compares its adhesion characteristics against a previously two parties before testing began. If a bias is found, either its
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D4393–00
Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.
A 200 8 J 8 ⁄8
B 225 9 K 130 5
C 300 12 L 35 1 ⁄2
D 300 12 M 115 4 ⁄2
E50 2 N 25 1
1 1
F 325 1 ⁄2 P5 ⁄4
3 1
G10 ⁄8 R3 ⁄8
1 1
H30 1 ⁄4 S15 ⁄2
T
FIG. 3 Strap Peel Adhesion Testing Specimen Mold
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the (rectilinear coordinates preferred) and flat faced clamps of the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of cam or pneumatic type.
the known bias.
6.5 Rubber Solvent, with boiling p
...
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