ASTM E1012-12
(Practice)Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
It has been shown that bending stresses that inadvertently occur due to misalignment between the applied force and the specimen axes during the application of tensile and compressive forces can affect the test results. In recognition of this effect, some test methods include a statement limiting the misalignment that is permitted. The purpose of this practice is to provide a reference for test methods and practices that require the application of tensile or compressive forces under conditions where alignment is important. The objective is to implement the use of common terminology and methods for verification of alignment of testing machines, associated components and test specimens.
Alignment verification intervals when required are specified in the methods or practices that require the alignment verification. Certain types of testing can provide an indication of the current alignment condition of a testing frame with each specimen tested. If a test method requires alignment verification, the frequency of the alignment verification should capture all the considerations i.e. time interval, changes to the testing frame and when applicable, current indicators of the alignment condition through test results.
Whether or not to improve axiality should be a matter of negotiation between the material producer and the user.
SCOPE
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic range. These methods are particularly applicable to the force levels normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing. The principal objective of this practice is to assess the amount of bending exerted upon a test specimen by the ordinary components assembled into a materials testing machine, during routine tests.
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Designation:E1012 −12
StandardPractice for
Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment
1
Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing:
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice that are
determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the
common to mechanical testing of materials, see Terminology
application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and
E6.
unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic
3.1.2 alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine that
range. These methods are particularly applicable to the force
influences the introduction of bending moments into a speci-
levels normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and
men (or alignment transducer) during the application of tensile
uniaxial fatigue testing.The principal objective of this practice
or compressive forces.
istoassesstheamountofbendingexerteduponatestspecimen
by the ordinary components assembled into a materials testing
3.1.3 eccentricity [L], n—the distance between the line of
machine, during routine tests.
action of the applied force and the axis of symmetry of the
specimen in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
2. Referenced Documents
the specimen.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.1.4 reduced section [L], n—section in the central portion
of the specimen which has a cross section smaller than the
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials gripped ends.
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
rials at Room Temperature
3.2.1 axial strain, a, n—the average of the longitudinal
E21 TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
strains measured by strain gages at the surface on opposite
Metallic Materials
sides of the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the alignment
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
transducer by multiple strain-sensing devices located at the
someter Systems
same longitudinal position.
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Thisdefinitionisonlyapplicabletothis
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
standard. The term is used in other contexts elsewhere in
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant
mechanical testing.
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
3.2.2 bending strain, b, n—the difference between the strain
E606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
at the surface and the axial strain (see Fig. 1).
E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
3.2.2.1 Discussion—in general, the bending strain varies
2.2 Other Documents:
frompointtopointaroundandalongthereducedsectionofthe
VAMAS Guide 42 A Procedure for the Measurement of
specimen. Bending strain is calculated as shown in Section 10.
Machine Alignment in Axial Testing
3.2.3 component (also known as force application
component), n—any of the parts used in the attachment of the
load cell or grips to the testing frame, as well as any part,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical
including the grips used in the application of force to the
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
strain-gaged alignment transducer or the test specimen.
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published June 2010. Originally
3.2.4 grips, n—thatpartoftheforceapplicationcomponents
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1012 – 05. DOI:
that directly attach to the strain-gage alignment transducer or
10.1520/E1012-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or the test specimen.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.5 microstrain, n—strain expressed in micro-units per
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. unit, such as micrometers/meter or microinches/in.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1012−12
NOTE 1—Abending strain, 6B, is superimposed on the axial strain, a, for l
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1012–05 Designation: E1012 – 12
Standard Practice for
Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment
1
Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application
oftensileandcompressiveforcestonotchedandunnotchedtestspecimensintheelasticrangeandtoplasticstrainslessthan0.002.
These methods are particularly applicable to the force application rates normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and
uniaxial fatigue testing. *
1.1 Includedinthispracticearemethodscoveringthedeterminationoftheamountofbendingthatoccursduringtheapplication
of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic range. These
methods are particularly applicable to the force levels normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing.
Theprincipalobjectiveofthispracticeistoassesstheamountofbendingexerteduponatestspecimenbytheordinarycomponents
assembled into a materials testing machine, during routine tests.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
E606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
2.2 Other Documents:
VAMAS Guide 42 A Procedure for the Measurement of Machine Alignment in Axial Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice that are common to mechanical testing of materials, see Terminology E6.
3.1.2 notched section—thesectionperpendiculartothelongitudinalaxisofsymmetryofthespecimenwherethecross-sectional
area is intentionally at a minimum value in order to serve as a stress raiser. alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine that
influences the introduction of bending moments into a specimen (or alignment transducer) during the application of tensile or
compressive forces.
3.1.3 nominal percent bending in notched specimens—the percent bending in a hypothetical (unnotched) specimen of uniform
cross section—equal to the minimum cross section of the notched specimen, the eccentricity of the applied force in the
hypothetical, and the notched specimens being the same. (See 11.1.5.) (This definition is not intended to define strain at the root
of the notch.) eccentricity [L], n—the distance between the line of action of the applied force and the axis of symmetry of the
specimen in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
3.1.4 reduced section—the specimen length between the fillets. reduced section [L], n—section in the central portion of the
specimen which has a cross section smaller than the gripped ends.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved June 1, 2005.2012. Published July 2005.June 2010. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 19992005 as
E1012–99.E1012 – 05. DOI: 10.1520/E1012-05.10.1520/E1012-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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E1012 – 12
3.2
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