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ASTM D790-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials

Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. However, flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or that do not fail in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit of these test methods. These test methods utilize a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam. A four-point loading system method can be found in Test Method D 6272.
1.1.1 Procedure A designed principally for materials that break at comparatively small deflections.
1.1.2 Procedure B designed particularly for those materials that undergo large deflections during testing.
1.1.3 Procedure A shall be used for measurement of flexural properties, particularly flexural modulus, unless the material specification states otherwise. Procedure B may be used for measurement of flexural strength only. Tangent modulus data obtained by Procedure A tends to exhibit lower standard deviations than comparable data obtained by means of Procedure B.
1.2 Comparative tests may be run in accordance with either procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the material being tested.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in brackets are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1-These test methods are not technically equivalent to ISO 178.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2007
ICS
29.035.20 - Plastics and rubber insulating materials
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.10 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D790-03 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D790-07e1 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3641-21 - Standard Practice for Injection Molding Test Specimens of Thermoplastic Molding and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM F790-23 - Standard Guide for Testing Materials for Aerospace Plastic Transparent Enclosures
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3222-21 - Standard Specification for Unmodified Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Molding Extrusion and Coating Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3013-13(2021) - Standard Specification for Epoxy Molding Compounds
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3350-21 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5948-05(2020) - Standard Specification for Molding Compounds, Thermosetting
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
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ASTM D4020-18 - Standard Specification for Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Molding and Extrusion Materials
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01-Sep-2007
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ASTM D3517-19 - Standard Specification for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pressure Pipe
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
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ASTM D5204-22 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polyamide-Imide (PAI) Molding and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3430-20 - Standard Specification for Closed-Cell Cellular Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Wall Stormwater Collection Chambers
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5813-04(2018) - Standard Specification for Cured-In-Place Thermosetting Resin Sewer Piping Systems
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5138-23 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Liquid Crystal Polymers Molding and Extrusion Materials (LCP)
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2122-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
Effective Date
01-Sep-2007

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ASTM D790-07 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsASTM D790-07 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
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ASTM D790-07 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
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REDLINE ASTM D790-07 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsREDLINE ASTM D790-07 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D 790–07
Standard Test Methods for
Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics
1
and Electrical Insulating Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of flexural 2.1 ASTM Standards:
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
theformofrectangularbarsmoldeddirectlyorcutfromsheets, D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. However, rials
flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that D 4101 Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Ex-
do not break or that do not fail in the outer surface of the test trusion Materials
specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit of these test methods. D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
These test methods utilize a three-point loading system applied Plastics Specimens
to a simply supported beam. A four-point loading system D 6272 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unrein-
method can be found in Test Method D 6272. forced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating
1.1.1 Procedure A, designed principally for materials that Materials by Four-Point Bending
break at comparatively small deflections. E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.1.2 Procedure B, designed particularly for those materials E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
that undergo large deflections during testing. Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
1.1.3 ProcedureAshall be used for measurement of flexural 2.2 ISO Standard:
properties, particularly flexural modulus, unless the material ISO 178 Plastics—Determination of Flexural Properties
specification states otherwise. Procedure B may be used for
3. Terminology
measurement of flexural strength only. Tangent modulus data
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to these test
obtained by Procedure A tends to exhibit lower standard
deviations than comparable data obtained by means of Proce- methods appear in Terminology D 883 and Annex A1 of Test
Method D 638.
dure B.
1.2 Comparative tests may be run in accordance with either
4. Summary of Test Method
procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for
4.1 Abar of rectangular cross section rests on two supports
the material being tested.
and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
supports. A support span-to-depth ratio of 16:1 shall be used
standard. The values provided in brackets are for information
unless there is reason to suspect that a larger span-to-depth
only.
ratio may be required, as may be the case for certain laminated
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
materials (see Section 7 and Note 7 for guidance).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The specimen is deflected until rupture occurs in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
outer surface of the test specimen or until a maximum strain
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(see 12.7) of 5.0 % is reached, whichever occurs first.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—These test methods are not technically equivalent to ISO 178.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Properties. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originally Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 790 – 03. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 790–03 Designation:D 790–07
Standard Test Methods for
Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics
1
and Electrical Insulating Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including
high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets,
plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. However, flexural
strengthcannotbedeterminedforthosematerialsthatdonotbreakorthatdonotfailintheoutersurfaceofthetestspecimenwithin
the 5.0 % strain limit of these test methods. These test methods utilize a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported
beam. A four-point loading system method can be found in Test Method D 6272.
1.1.1 Procedure A, designed principally for materials that break at comparatively small deflections.
1.1.2 Procedure B, designed particularly for those materials that undergo large deflections during testing.
1.1.3 Procedure A shall be used for measurement of flexural properties, particularly flexural modulus, unless the material
specification states otherwise. Procedure B may be used for measurement of flexural strength only.Tangent modulus data obtained
by Procedure A tends to exhibit lower standard deviations than comparable data obtained by means of Procedure B.
1.2 Comparative tests may be run in accordance with either procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the
material being tested.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parenthesesbrackets are for
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—These test methods are not technically equivalent to ISO 178.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic
Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
D 638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic
Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
D 883Terminology Relating to Plastics Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials
Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
D 4000Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of
Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
D 4101 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural
Sunlight
D 5947Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor
Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
D 6272Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials by
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties
.
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D790–02.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 790 – 03.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

-
...

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5.1.1 Flexural Stress (σf)—When a homogeneous elastic material is tested in flexure as a simple beam supported at two points and loaded at the midpoint, the maximum stress in the outer surface of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint. Flexural stress is calculated for any point on the load-deflection curve using equation (Eq 3) in Section 12 (see Notes 5 and 6).
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to determine the flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high modulus composites and electrical insulating materials utilizing a three-point loading system to apply a load to a simply supported beam (specimen). The method is generally applicable to both rigid and semi-rigid materials, but flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or yield in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit.  
1.2 Test specimens of rectangular cross section are injection molded or, cut from molded or extruded sheets or plates, or cut from molded or extruded shapes. Specimens must be solid and uniformly rectangular. The specimen rests on two supports and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the supports.  
1.3 Measure deflection in one of two ways; using crosshead position or a deflectometer. Please note that studies have shown that deflection data obtained with a deflectometer will differ from data obtained using crosshead position. The method of deflection measurement shall be reported.  
Note 1: Requirements for quality control in production environments are usually met by measuring deflection using crosshead position. However, more accurate measurement may be obtained by using an deflection indicator such as a deflectometer.
Note 2: Materials that do not rupture by the maximum strain allowed under this test method may be more suited to a 4-point bend test. The basic difference between the two test methods is in the location of the maximum bending moment and maximum axial fiber stresses. The maximum axial fiber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose in 3-point bending and over the area between the loading noses in 4-point bending. A four-point loading system method can be found in Test Method D6272.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided i...

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ASTM
ASTM D6272-17e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials by Four-Point Bending

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flexural properties determined by this test method are especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.  
5.2 This test method is recommended for those materials that do not fail within the strain limits imposed by Test Method D790. The major difference between four point and three point bending modes is the location of the maximum bending moment and maximum axial fiber stress. In four point bending the maximum axial fiber stress is uniformly distributed between the loading noses. In three point bending the maximum axial fiber stress is located immediately under the loading nose.  
5.3 Flexural properties vary with specimen depth, temperature, atmospheric conditions, and the difference in rate of straining specified in Procedures A and B.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters covered in the material specification, or both, shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then these default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally applicable to rigid and semirigid materials. However, flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or that do not fail in the outer fibers. This test method utilizes a four point loading system applied to a simply supported beam.  
1.2 This test method describes two procedures (Procedure A and Procedure B), the selection of which depends on the behavior of the sample to be tested as explained below:  
1.2.1 Procedure A, designed principally for materials that break at comparatively small deflections. It shall be used for measurement of flexural properties, particularly flexural modulus, unless the material specification states otherwise.  
1.2.2 Procedure B, designed particularly for those materials that undergo large deflections during testing. It is suitable for measurement of flexural strength.  
1.3 Comparative tests are permitted to be run according to either procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the material being tested.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is similar to ISO 14125, Method B. However, ISO 14125, Method B specifies only a load span of 1/3 the support span whereas D6272 also permits a load span of 1/2 the support span. For this reason and other differences in technical content, exercise extreme care if attempting to compare results between the two test methods.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2655-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene Insulation for Wire and Cable Rated 0 to 2000 V, 90 °C Operation

ABSTRACT
This specification covers crosslinked polymer insulation material consisting substantially of polyethylene or a polyethylene copolymer for electrical wires and cables in conductor, suitable for continuous use on power cables in wet and dry locations, having specified sizes and operating at specified voltage ratings and conductor temperatures. Materials covered by this specification are not sunlight and weather resistant unless they are carbon black pigmented or contain an additive system designed for this protection. Since the insulation cannot be tested unless it has been formed around a conductor, tests shall then be done on insulated wire solely to determine the relevant property of the insulation and not to test the conductor or completed cable. Materials shall meet the physical properties as follows: unaged tensile strength and elongation at rupture; tensile strength and elongation at rupture after air oven aging; heat distortion; filled and unfilled percent hot creep; and filled and unfilled percent hot set. Insulations shall also perform satisfactorily during tests for AC and DC voltage, insulation resistance, and accelerated water absorption.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a crosslinked polyethylene insulation for electrical wires and cables in conductor sizes 14 AWG [2.08 mm2] and larger. The base polymer of this insulation consists substantially of polyethylene or a polyethylene copolymer.  
1.2 This type of insulation is suitable for continuous use on power cables in wet and dry locations, for voltage ratings not exceeding 2000 V and at conductor temperatures not exceeding 90 °C for normal operation. For copper conductors, the insulation can be applied over the uncoated metal.  
1.3 Materials covered by this specification are not sunlight and weather resistant unless they are carbon black pigmented or contain an additive system designed for this protection.  
1.4 In many instances the insulation cannot be tested unless it has been formed around a conductor. Therefore, tests are done on insulated wire in this standard solely to determine the relevant property of the insulation and not to test the conductor or completed cable.  
1.5 Whenever two sets of values are presented, in different units, the values in the first set are the standard, while those in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1236-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Visual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides inspection methods and techniques that may be used to examine electrical protective rubber products for irregularities. The methods have applications in manufacturing facilities, testing laboratories, and in the field where the products are used.  
4.2 This guide also contains photographs that illustrate the descriptions of terms listed in Section 3 and in Definitions F819.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to present methods and techniques for the visual inspection of electrical protective rubber products. This guide also includes descriptions and photographs of irregularities found in these products.  
Note 1: It is not the purpose of this guide to establish the acceptance level of any irregularity described herein. That shall be established by the standard for each product.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3144-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Crosslinked Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Copolymer Heat-Shrinkable Tubing for Electrical Insulation

ABSTRACT
This specification covers semirigid, flame-retardant, crosslinked poly(vinylidene fluoride) heat-shrinkable tubing for electrical insulation purposes. It is supplied in an expanded form and will shrink to its extruded diameter when heated. The tubing shall be extruded, crosslinked, and then expanded to the required dimensions. The material shall conform to the chemical property requirements specified. Every lot of material manufactured shall be tested for restricted shrinkage, heat shock, tensile strength, and elongation to conform to the mechanical, thermal, electrical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers semirigid, flame-retardant, crosslinked poly(vinylidene fluoride) heat-shrinkable tubing for electrical insulation purposes. It is supplied in an expanded form and will shrink to its extruded diameter when heated.
Note 1: This standard is similar but not identical to IEC 60684–3–228.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except temperature which shall be stated in degrees Celsius. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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