ASTM D4411-03
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion
Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is general and is intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily sample a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design new sampling equipment or modify existing equipment. Because of the dynamic nature of the transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in samples depends upon the method of collection. Sediment discharge is highly variable both in time and space so numerous samples properly collected with correctly designed equipment are necessary to provide data for discharge calculations. General properties of both temporal and spatial variations are discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported by moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments transported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures do not apply to sediments transported by flotation.
1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in special instances are of interest. However, much of the descriptive information on sampler requirements and sediment transport phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentrations, and and briefly specify suitable equipment. Additional information on this subject will be added in the future.
1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards; however they do contain information that helps ensure standard design of equipment and procedures.
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to determine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently accepted as representative of the state-of-the-art. As this situation changes, details will be added to this guide.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 12.
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Designation:D4411–03
Standard Guide for
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Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
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1. Scope* Concentration in Water Samples
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures
3. Terminology
forsamplingtodeterminedischargeofsedimenttransportedby
3.1 Definitions:
moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally
3.1.1 isokinetic—a condition of sampling, whereby liquid
developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers
moves with no acceleration as it leaves the ambient flow and
but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments
enters the sampler nozzle.
transportedinopenchannelsorclosedconduits.Proceduresdo
3.1.2 sampling vertical—an approximately vertical path
not apply to sediments transported by flotation.
from water surface to the streambed.Along this path, samples
1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to
are taken to define various properties of the flow such as
determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in
sediment concentration or particle-size distribution.
specialinstancesareofinterest.However,muchofthedescrip-
3.1.3 sediment discharge—mass of sediment transported
tive information on sampler requirements and sediment trans-
per unit of time.
port phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentra-
3.1.4 suspended sediment—sediment that is carried in sus-
tions, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specify suitable equipment.
pension in the flow of a stream for appreciable lengths of time,
Additional information on this subject will be added in the
being kept in this state by the upward components of flow
future.
turbulence or by Brownian motion.
1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards;
3.1.5 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, see
howevertheydocontaininformationthathelpsensurestandard
Terminology D1129.
design of equipment and procedures.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to deter-
3.2.1 concentration, sediment—the ratio of the mass of dry
mine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no
sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the volume of the
specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently ac-
water-sediment mixture. Refer to Practice D3977.
ceptedasrepresentativeofthestate-of-the-art.Asthissituation
3.2.2 depth-integrating suspended sediment sampler—an
changes, details will be added to this guide.
instrument capable of collecting a water-sediment mixture
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
isokinetically as the instrument is traversed across the flow;
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
hence, a sampler suitable for performing depth integration.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.3 depth-integration—a method of sampling at every
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
point throughout a sampled depth whereby the water-sediment
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
mixture is collected isokinetically to ensure the contribution
tionary statements are given in Section 12.
from each point is proportional to the stream velocity at the
2. Referenced Documents point. This method yields a sample that is discharge-weighted
over the sampled depth. Ordinarily, depth integration is per-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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formed by traversing either a depth- or point-integrating
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
sampler vertically at an acceptably slow and constant rate;
D 3977 Practice for Determining Suspended-Sediment
however, depth integration can also be accomplished with
vertical slot samplers.
3.2.4 point-integrating suspended-sediment sampler—an
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This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and is
instrument capable of collecting water-sediment mixtures iso-
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,
kinetically.Thesamplingactioncanbeturnedonandoffwhile
and Open-Channel Flow.
Current edition approvedAug. 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originally
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D4411–98.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. Discontinued; see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4411–03
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