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ASTM D5454-11e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers

Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Water content in fuel gas is the major factor influencing internal corrosion. Hydrates, a semisolid combination of hydrocarbons and water, will form under the proper conditions causing serious operating problems. Fuel heating value is reduced by water concentration. Water concentration levels are therefore frequently measured in natural gas systems. A common pipeline specification is 4 to 7 lb/MMSCF. This test method describes measurement of water vapor content with direct readout electronic instrumentation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water vapor content of gaseous fuels by the use of electronic moisture analyzers. Such analyzers commonly use sensing cells based on phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5, aluminum oxide, Al2O3, or silicon sensors piezoelectric-type cells and laser based technologies.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2011
ICS
75.160.30 - Gaseous fuels
Technical Committee
D03 - Gaseous Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5454-11 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8487-23 - Standard Specification for Natural Gas, Hydrogen Blends for Use as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D5273-18 - Standard Guide for Analysis of Propylene Concentrates
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8080-21 - Standard Specification for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Used as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8446-22 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content in Compressed Air Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011

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ASTM D5454-11e1 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture AnalyzersASTM D5454-11e1 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers
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ASTM D5454-11e1 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D5454 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic
1
Moisture Analyzers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Fig. 1 was editorially updated in July 2011.
1. Scope 3.1.2 electrolytic-type cell—this cell is composed of two
noble metal electrode wires coated with P O .Abias voltage is
2 5
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water
applied to the electrodes, and water vapor chemically reacts,
vaporcontentofgaseousfuelsbytheuseofelectronicmoisture
generating a current between the electrodes proportional to the
analyzers. Such analyzers commonly use sensing cells based
water vapor present.
on phosphorus pentoxide, P O , aluminum oxide, Al O,or
2 5 2 3
3.1.3 piezoelectric-type cell— sensor consists of a pair of
silicon sensors piezoelectric-type cells and laser based tech-
electrodes which support a quartz crystal (QCM) transducer.
nologies.
When voltage is applied to the sensor a very stable oscillation
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
occurs. The faces of the sensor are coated with a hygroscopic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
polymer.As the amount of moisture absorbed onto the polymer
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
varies, a proportional change in the oscillation frequency is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
produced.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 laser-type cell— consists of a sample cell with an
2. Referenced Documents
optical head mounted on one end and a mirror mounted on the
2
other; however, some models will not need a mirror to reflect
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the light wavelength emitted from the laser. The optical head
D1142 Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous
contains a NIR laser, which emits light at a wavelength known
Fuels by Measurement of Dew-Point Temperature
to be absorbed by the water molecule. Mounted, the laser is a
D1145 Test Method for Sampling Natural Gas (Withdrawn
3
detectorsensitivetoNIRwavelengthlight.Lightfromthelaser
1986)
passes through the far end and returns to the detector in the
D4178 Practice for Calibrating Moisture Analyzers
optical head.Aportion of the emitted light, proportional to the
3. Terminology water molecules present, is absorbed as the light transits the
sample cell and returns to the detector.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.5 water content—watercontentiscustomarilyexpressed
3.1.1 capacitance-type cell—this cell uses aluminum coated
in terms of dewpoint, °F or °C, at atmospheric pressure, or the
with Al O as part of a capacitor. The dielectric Al O film
2 3 2 3
nonmetric term of pounds per million standard cubic feet,
changes the capacity of the capacitor in relation to the water
lb/MMSCF. The latter term will be used in this test method
vapor present. Silicone cells also operate on this principal by
because it is the usual readout unit for electronic analyzers.
reporting a capacitance change when adsorbing or desorbing
3
One lb/MMSCF = 21.1 ppm by volume or 16.1 mgm/m of
water vapor.
water vapor. Analyzers must cover the range 0.1 to 50
lb/MMSCF.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD03onGaseous
3.1.6 water dewpoint—the temperature (at a specified pres-
Fuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.05 on Determination of
sure) at which liquid water will start to condense from the
Special Constituents of Gaseous Fuels.
Current edition approved July 11, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally
water vapor present. Charts of dewpoints versus pressure and
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5454–04. DOI:
water content are found in Test Method D1142.
10.1520/D5454-11E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4. Significance and Use
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.1 Water content in fuel gas is the major factor influencing
the ASTM website.
3
internal corrosion. Hydrates, a semisolid combination of hy-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. drocarbons and water, will form under the proper conditions
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D5454 − 11
causing serious op
...

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5.1 This test method is useful in determining the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in gaseous samples and in verifying compliance with operational needs and/or environmental limitations for H2S content. The automated performance operation of this method allows unattended measurement of H2S concentration. The user is referred to Practice D7166 for unattended on-line use of instrumentation based upon the lead acetate reaction rate method.
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ABSTRACT
This test method is for the determination of total sulfur in combustible fuel gases and is applicable to natural gases, manufactured gases, mixed gases, and other miscellaneous gaseous fuels. For the use of barium chloride titration following collection of sulfur dioxide by alternative procedures, ammonia, amines, substances producing water soluble cations, and fluorides will interfere with the titration. The apparatus includes the following: (1) burner, (2) chimneys, absorbers, and spray traps, (3) flow meter, (4) vacuum system, (5) air-purifying system, and (6) monometer. The schematic diagrams of the gas burner, combustion and absorption apparatus, suction system, and purified air system are provided. Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests and include: (1) water, (2) denatured ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, (3) barium chloride, standard solution, (4) hydrochloric acid, (5) hydrogen peroxide, (6) iso-propanol, (7) potassium hydrogen phthalate, (8) phenolphthalein, (9) methyl orange indicator solution, (10) silver nitrate solution, (11) sodium carbonate solution, (12) sodium hydroxide solution, (13) sulfuric acid, (14) tetrahydroxyquinone indicator, and (15) thorin indicator. The procedure for the following are detailed: (1) calibration and standardization of sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and barium chloride solutions, (2) preparation of apparatus, (3) sulfur determination, (4) analysis of absorbent, and (5) quality assurance. The formula of calculating the volume of gas in standard cubic feet burned during the determination and the concentration of sulfur from the results of titration are given.
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5.1 The methane number (MN) is a measure of the resistance of the gaseous fuel to autoignition (knock) when used in an internal combustion engine. The relative merits of gaseous fuels from different sources and having different compositions can be compared readily on the basis of their methane numbers. Therefore, the calculated methane number (MNC) is used as a parameter for determining the suitability of a gaseous fuel for internal combustion engines in both mobile and stationary applications.
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5.1 Proton exchange membranes (PEM) used in fuel cells are susceptible to contamination from a number of species that can be found in hydrogen. It is critical that these contaminants be measured and verified to be present at or below the amounts stated in SAE J2719 and ISO 14687 to ensure both fuel cell longevity and optimum efficiency. Contaminant concentrations as low as single-figure ppb(v) for some species can seriously compromise the life span and efficiency of PEM fuel cells. The presence of contaminants in fuel-cell-grade hydrogen can, in some cases, have a permanent adverse impact on fuel cell efficiency and usability. It is critical to monitor the concentration of key contaminants in hydrogen during the production phase through to delivery of the fuel to a fuel cell vehicle or other PEM fuel cell application. In ISO 14687, the upper limits for the contaminants are specified. Refer to SAE J2719 (see 2.3) for specific national and regional requirements. For hydrogen fuel that is transported and delivered as a cryogenic liquid, there is additional risk of introducing impurities during transport and delivery operations. For instance, moisture can build up over time in liquid transfer lines, critical control components, and long-term storage facilities, which can lead to ice buildup within the system and subsequent blockages that pose a safety risk or the introduction of contaminants into the gas stream upon evaporation of the liquid. Users are reminded to consult Practice D7265 for critical thermophysical properties such as the ortho/para hydrogen spin isomer inversion that can lead to additional hazards in liquid hydrogen usage.
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D7493-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Online Measurement of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatograph and Electrochemical Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, petroleum gases and bio-gases, contain sulfur compounds that are naturally occurring or that are added as odorants for safety purposes. These sulfur compounds are odorous, toxic, corrosive to equipment, and can inhibit or destroy catalysts employed in gas processing and other end uses. Their accurate continuous measurement is important to gas processing, operation and use, and is frequently of regulatory interest.  
5.2 Small amounts (typically, total of 4 to 6 ppm(v)) of sulfur odorants are added to natural gas and other fuel gases for safety purposes. Some sulfur odorants are reactive and may be oxidized to form more stable sulfur compounds having higher odor thresholds which adversely impact the potential safety of the gas delivery systems and gas users. Gaseous fuels are analyzed for sulfur compounds and odorant levels to assist in pipeline integrity surveillance and to ensure appropriate odorant levels for public safety.  
5.3 This method offers an on-line method to continuously identify and quantify individual target sulfur species in gaseous fuel with automatic calibration and validation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for on-line measurement of gas phase sulfur-containing compounds in gaseous fuels by gas chromatography (GC) and electrochemical (EC) detection. This test method is applicable to hydrogen sulfide, C1 to C4 mercaptans, sulfides, and tetrahydrothiophene (THT).  
1.1.1 Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is not measured according to this test method.  
1.1.2 The detection range for sulfur compounds is approximately from 0.1 to 100 ppm(v) (mL/m3) or 0.1 to 100 mg/m3 at 25 °C, 101.3 kPa. The detection range will vary depending on the sample injection volume, chromatographic peak separation, and the sensitivity of the specific EC detector.  
1.2 This test method describes a GC-EC method using capillary GC columns and a specific detector for natural gas and other gaseous fuels composed of mainly light (C4 and smaller) hydrocarbons. Alternative GC columns including packed columns, detector designs, and instrument parameters may be used, provided that chromatographic separation, quality control, and measurement objectives needed to comply with user or regulator needs, or both, are achieved.  
1.3 This test method does not intend to identify and measure all individual sulfur species and is mainly employed for monitoring naturally occurring reduced sulfur compounds commonly found in natural gas and fuel gases or employed as an odorant in these gases.  
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1.5 The test method can be used for measuring sulfur compounds listed in Table 1 in air or other gaseous matrices, provided that compounds that can interfere with the GC separation and electrochemical detection are not present.  
1.6 This test method is written as a companion to Practices D5287, D7165 and D7166.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tec...

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