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ASTM E747-04(2010)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images. This practice, applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray radiology, covers the use of wire penetrameters as the controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness range from 6.4 to 152 mm [0.25 to 6.0 in.]. The alloy group(s) of the material, the thickness or thickness range of the material, and the applicable IQI's that represent the required IQI thickness(s) and alloy(s) shall be considered when selecting IQI's.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray radiology.
1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as the controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness range from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2010
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E747-04(2010) - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyASTM E747-04(2010) - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
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ASTM E747-04(2010) - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
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REDLINE ASTM E747-04(2010) - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyREDLINE ASTM E747-04(2010) - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E747 −04 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of
1
Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-
2 Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron-
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping
Chromium-TungstenAlloy (UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and
classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indica-
Wire
tors (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.
E1025Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
radiology.
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.3 Thispracticecoverstheuseofwirepenetrametersasthe
5
controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness
2.2 Other Standards:
range from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).
EN 462–1 Non-Destructive Testing—Image Quality of
Radiographs-Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire-
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
Type)-Determination of Image Quality Value
as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms in Terminology
E1316, Section D, relating to gamma and X-radiology, shall
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. apply to the terms used in this practice.
2. Referenced Documents 4. Wire IQI Requirements
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 The quality of all levels of examination shall be deter-
B139/B139MSpecification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar,
mined by a set of wires conforming to the following require-
and Shapes
ments:
B150MSpecification for Aluminum Bronze, Rod, Bar, and
4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricated from materials or alloys
4
Shapes [Metric] (Withdrawn 2002)
identifiedorlistedinaccordancewith7.2.Othermaterialsmay
B161Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
be used in accordance with 7.3.
B164Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and
4.1.2 The IQI consists of sets of wires arranged in order of
Wire
increasingdiameter.ThediametersizesspecifiedinTable1are
B166Specification for Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloys (UNS
established from a consecutive series of numbers taken in
N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025,
general from the ISO/R 10 series. The IQI shall be fabricated
in accordance with the requirements specified in Figs. 1-8 and
Tables 1-3. IQIs previously manufactured to the requirements
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
of Annex A1 may be used as an alternate provided all other
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
requirements of this practice are met.
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
4.1.3 Image quality indicator (IQI) designs other than those
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published March 2011. Originally
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E747-04. DOI:
shown in Figs. 1-8 and AnnexA1 are permitted by contractual
10.1520/E0747-04R10.
agreement. If an IQI set as listed in Table 1 or Annex A1 is
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice
modifiedinsize,itmustcontainthegradenumber,setidentity,
SE-747 in Section II of that Code.
3
and essential wire. It must also contain two additional wires
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4 5
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
www.astm.org. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E747−04 (2010)
TABLE 1 Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity Numbers
5.1.3 Select the applicable IQI’s that represent the required
SET A SET B IQI thickness(s) and alloy(s).
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
Wire Identity Wire Identity
in. (mm) in. (mm) 6. Image Quality Levels
A
0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E747–04 Designation: E747 – 04 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of
1
Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indicators (IQI)
used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray radiology.
1.3 Thispracticecoverstheuseofwirepenetrametersasthecontrollingimagequalityindicatorforthematerialthicknessrange
from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze, Rod, Bar, and Shapes [Metric]
B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, N06045,
and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Tungsten Alloy
(UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and Wire
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4
2.2 Other Standards:
EN426–1EN462–1 Non-Destructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs-Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire-Type)-
Determination of Image Quality Value
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms inTerminology E1316, Section D, relating to gamma and X-radiology, shall apply to
the terms used in this practice.
4. Wire IQI Requirements
4.1 The quality of all levels of examination shall be determined by a set of wires conforming to the following requirements:
4.1.1 Wiresshallbefabricatedfrommaterialsoralloysidentifiedorlistedinaccordancewith7.2.Othermaterialsmaybeused
in accordance with 7.3.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiographic
Practice and Penetrameters.
Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E747-97. DOI:
10.1520/E0747-04.on Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E747-04. DOI:
10.1520/E0747-04R10.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice SE-747 in Section II of that Code.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E747 – 04 (2010)
TABLE 1Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity Numbers
SET A SET B
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
Wire Identity Wire Identity
in. (mm) in. (mm)
A
0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6
0.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7
0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 8
0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9
0.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11
SET C SET D
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
Wire Identity Wire Identity
in. (mm) in. (mm)
0.032 (0.81) 11 0.10 (2.5) 16
0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 17
0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18
0.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 19
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.25 (6.4) 20
0.100 (2.5) 16 0.32 (8) 21
A
The 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special quality level as
...

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1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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