ASTM D6441-05(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.
5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.
Note 1: The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2: Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3: The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and to determine in advance the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6441 − 05 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding 2.1 ASTM Standards:
power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters: D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thick- Applications
ness D344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) con- the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts
trast ratio. D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
tometry
NOTE 1—The measured parameters follow powder coating industry
D3451 Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder
practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather
Coatings
than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and
D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
E284 Terminology of Appearance
NOTE 2—Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate
E1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power
Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
NOTE 3—The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the
coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
slightly less than complete.
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the Geometry
hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic
2.2 Other Standard:
spraying.
1-GP-71 Method 14.7, Hiding Power, Contrast Ratio
Method, October 1982
1.3 Thesetestmethodsdeterminehidingpowerbymeansof
reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are
3. Terminology
limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
15 %.
3.1.1 reflectance, n—term of wide applicability, referring
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
herein to the luminous reflectance factor as defined in Termi-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
nology E284, and equivalent to the CIE Tristimulus value Y
only.
measured in accordance with Test Methods E1331, E1347 or
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Test Method E1349 with specular reflection excluded. It is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
expressed as a percentage in this standard.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 white substrate, n—For purposes of this test, a sub-
priate safety and health practices, and to determine in advance
strate of neutral shade with a minimum reflectance of 78 %.
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.51 on Powder Coatings. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6441 – 10. DOI: Canadian General Standards Board, (CGSB), 222 Queen St., Ottawa, Ont.,
10.1520/D6441-05R16. Canada K1A 1G6.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6441 − 05 (2016)
3.1.3 black substrate, n—A substrate with a maximum 3.1.8 opacity, n—The degree to which a coating film hides a
reflectance of 1 %, which is effectively zero for the purpose of black and white substrate, as perceived visually or as measured
measuring hiding power.
instrumentally, (see contrast ratio defined in 3.1.7).
3.1.4 white reflectance (R ), n—Reflectance of the applied
3.1.9 wedge of coating, n—Afilm of coating having a range
W
test film over a white substrate of reflectance W.
of film thickness giving a corresponding range of opacities on
a black and white substrate. (see Fig. 1).
3.1.5 black reflectance (R ), n—Reflectance of the applied
o
test film over a black substrate.
3.2 Definitions of Symbols Used in Calculations Specific to
This Standard:
3.1.6 reflectivity (R ), n—The reflectance of a coating ap-
∞
3.2.1 T, n—the specified or measured thickness of the test
plied thickly enough to be completely opaque, as evidenced by
equal reflectance over the black and a white test substrate. coating on the substrate.
3.1.7 contrast ratio (C ), n—(1)The ratio of the reflectance
3.2.2 t,n—the amount by which the black substrate ex-
W o
of a film applied on a black substrate to a film of equal
ceeds the white substrate in thickness.
thickness applied on a white substrate. (2) An instrumental
3.2.3 T', n—T + t ; the thickness reading corresponding to T
o
measure of film opacity.
over the black substrate when measured with the gage cali-
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Contrast ratio can be expressed as a
brated to the white substrate as zero.
decimal fraction (R /R ) or as a percentage (100R /R ), the
O W O W
latter being preferred for the general concept of hiding or 3.3 For additional definitions applicable to these test meth-
opacity, and employed in these test methods. ods see Terminology E284.
NOTE 1—Shows black and white substrate areas exposed after removal of masking tape.
FIG. 1 “Wedge” Film Application
D6441 − 05 (2016)
FIG. 2 Examples of Commercially Available Test Panels
4. Summary of Test Method into black and white areas by a straight boundary. The black
area shall have a maximum reflectance of 1 % and the white
4.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio (C ) at a Specified Film
W
area a minimum reflectance of 78 %. The white area shall not
Thickness:
yellow or darken appreciably when subjected to a normal
4.1.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on a specified test
powder coating baking schedule. (see Fig. 2 for commercially
panel.
available sizes.)
4.1.2 Severalpairsofpointsareencircledovertheblackand
white substrate at the specified coating thickness, their reflec-
NOTE 5—Some test panels require a pre-bake before using, to expel
tances R and R are measured, and their contrast ratios (C residual volatiles that can create pinholes in the subsequently applied
O W W
powder coating.When necessary pre-bake for 10 min at 180°C (350°F) to
= 100 R /R ) calculated.
O W
eliminate this problem.
4.1.3 The mean contrast ratio for the panel is calculated.
6.3 Suitable equipment for applying and baking the test
4.2 Test Method B—Film Thickness (T ) at a Contrast
coatings.
Ratio of 98 %:
6.4 Electronic Gage, adequately sensitive for measuring
4.2.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on the specified
coating film thickness.
test panel.
4.2.2 Several equal thickness pairs of black and white
6.5 Heat-Resistant Tape, 20-mm ( ⁄4-in.) wide, easily re-
substrate points, at varying thicknesses, are located and their
moved after baking, leaving no discoloration or adhesive
contrast ratios determined.
residue.
4.2.3 Contrast ratio versus film thickness is plotted on
6.6 Permanent Marker, extra fine point.
suitable graph paper, and the thickness at T determined from
the graph.
6.7 Suitable Graph Paper.
5. Significance and Use
7. Measurements—General Rules
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful
7.1 For each powder and test method, fill out an individual
hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing
work sheet in the form of a table (see Fig. 3 for Test Method
specifications.
A, Fig. 4 for Test Method B), into which all test data and
5.2 Thegreaterthehidingpower,thelesscoatingisrequired
calculated values are entered in the indicated locations.
per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding
7.2 Measure reflectance as a percentage to two decimal
power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for
places. Calculate (or measure) contrast ratio (C ) as a percent-
W
comparing coating value.
age (100R /R ) to two decimal places, and report final results
B W
to one decimal place.
6. Apparatus and Material
6.1 Reflectometer, that measures the luminous reflectance
factor, (specular reflection excluded) using CIE standard illu-
The sole source of supply of panels known to the committee at this time is the
minant C and the CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer, in accor-
Leneta Company, 15 Whitney Rd., Mahwah, NJ 07430. If you are aware of
dance with Test Method E1331, E1347 or E1349. The instru-
alternative suppliers, please provide this Information to ASTM International
ment shall be capable of viewing a diameter of at least 3 to 5 Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
1 3 responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄16 in.).
The sole source of supply of the tape, Product No. 8902 known to the
committee at this time is 3M industrial Tape Division; 3M Center 220-8E-04; St.
NOTE4—Otherobserver-illuminantcombinationsandapertures may be
Paul, MN 55144. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
used by agreement.
Information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
6.2 Test Panels: Smooth, glossy, pre-painted steel panels,
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
thickness approximately 0.28 mm (0.011 in.), divided equally you may attend.
D6441 − 05 (2016)
FIG. 3 Work Table for Test Method A
amount t that is determined for each panel.
7.3 The circles drawn to locate measurement points must be
NOTE 7—With thickness gages capable of dual calibration, calibrate
at least larger than the measurement opening of the reflecto-
alsotozeroontheblacksubstratepointandstoreboththewhiteandblack
meter.
calibrations.
7.4 Measurethicknessasaccuratelyaspossible,reportingto
8.5 Measure the coating reflectance of one panel for each
nearest 1.3 micrometers (0.05 mils),
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6441 − 05 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding 2.1 ASTM Standards:
power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters: D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thick- Applications
ness D344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) con- the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts
trast ratio. D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
tometry
NOTE 1—The measured parameters follow powder coating industry
D3451 Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder
practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather
Coatings
than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and
D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
E284 Terminology of Appearance
NOTE 2—Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate
E1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power
Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
NOTE 3—The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric
hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
slightly less than complete.
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the
Geometry
hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic
2.2 Other Standard:
spraying.
1-GP-71 Method 14.7, Hiding Power, Contrast Ratio
Method, October 1982
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of
reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are
3. Terminology
limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
15 %.
3.1.1 reflectance, n—term of wide applicability, referring
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
herein to the luminous reflectance factor as defined in Termi-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
nology E284, and equivalent to the CIE Tristimulus value Y
only.
measured in accordance with Test Methods E1331, E1347 or
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Test Method E1349 with specular reflection excluded. It is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
expressed as a percentage in this standard.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 white substrate, n—For purposes of this test, a sub-
priate safety and health practices, and to determine in advance
strate of neutral shade with a minimum reflectance of 78 %.
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.51 on Powder Coatings. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6441 – 10. DOI: Canadian General Standards Board, (CGSB), 222 Queen St., Ottawa, Ont.,
10.1520/D6441-05R16. Canada K1A 1G6.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6441 − 05 (2016)
3.1.3 black substrate, n—A substrate with a maximum 3.1.8 opacity, n—The degree to which a coating film hides a
reflectance of 1 %, which is effectively zero for the purpose of
black and white substrate, as perceived visually or as measured
measuring hiding power. instrumentally, (see contrast ratio defined in 3.1.7).
3.1.4 white reflectance (R ), n—Reflectance of the applied
3.1.9 wedge of coating, n—A film of coating having a range
W
test film over a white substrate of reflectance W.
of film thickness giving a corresponding range of opacities on
a black and white substrate. (see Fig. 1).
3.1.5 black reflectance (R ), n—Reflectance of the applied
o
test film over a black substrate.
3.2 Definitions of Symbols Used in Calculations Specific to
This Standard:
3.1.6 reflectivity (R ), n—The reflectance of a coating ap-
∞
plied thickly enough to be completely opaque, as evidenced by 3.2.1 T, n—the specified or measured thickness of the test
equal reflectance over the black and a white test substrate. coating on the substrate.
3.1.7 contrast ratio (C ), n—(1) The ratio of the reflectance 3.2.2 t , n—the amount by which the black substrate ex-
W
o
of a film applied on a black substrate to a film of equal
ceeds the white substrate in thickness.
thickness applied on a white substrate. (2) An instrumental
3.2.3 T', n—T + t ; the thickness reading corresponding to T
o
measure of film opacity.
over the black substrate when measured with the gage cali-
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Contrast ratio can be expressed as a
brated to the white substrate as zero.
decimal fraction (R /R ) or as a percentage (100R /R ), the
O W O W
latter being preferred for the general concept of hiding or 3.3 For additional definitions applicable to these test meth-
opacity, and employed in these test methods. ods see Terminology E284.
NOTE 1—Shows black and white substrate areas exposed after removal of masking tape.
FIG. 1 “Wedge” Film Application
D6441 − 05 (2016)
FIG. 2 Examples of Commercially Available Test Panels
4. Summary of Test Method into black and white areas by a straight boundary. The black
area shall have a maximum reflectance of 1 % and the white
4.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio (C ) at a Specified Film
W
area a minimum reflectance of 78 %. The white area shall not
Thickness:
yellow or darken appreciably when subjected to a normal
4.1.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on a specified test
powder coating baking schedule. (see Fig. 2 for commercially
panel.
available sizes.)
4.1.2 Several pairs of points are encircled over the black and
white substrate at the specified coating thickness, their reflec-
NOTE 5—Some test panels require a pre-bake before using, to expel
residual volatiles that can create pinholes in the subsequently applied
tances R and R are measured, and their contrast ratios (C
O W W
powder coating. When necessary pre-bake for 10 min at 180°C (350°F) to
= 100 R /R ) calculated.
O W
eliminate this problem.
4.1.3 The mean contrast ratio for the panel is calculated.
6.3 Suitable equipment for applying and baking the test
4.2 Test Method B—Film Thickness (T ) at a Contrast
coatings.
Ratio of 98 %:
6.4 Electronic Gage, adequately sensitive for measuring
4.2.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on the specified
coating film thickness.
test panel.
4.2.2 Several equal thickness pairs of black and white
6.5 Heat-Resistant Tape, 20-mm ( ⁄4-in.) wide, easily re-
substrate points, at varying thicknesses, are located and their
moved after baking, leaving no discoloration or adhesive
contrast ratios determined. 5
residue.
4.2.3 Contrast ratio versus film thickness is plotted on
6.6 Permanent Marker, extra fine point.
suitable graph paper, and the thickness at T determined from
the graph.
6.7 Suitable Graph Paper.
5. Significance and Use
7. Measurements—General Rules
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful
7.1 For each powder and test method, fill out an individual
hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing
work sheet in the form of a table (see Fig. 3 for Test Method
specifications.
A, Fig. 4 for Test Method B), into which all test data and
5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required
calculated values are entered in the indicated locations.
per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding
7.2 Measure reflectance as a percentage to two decimal
power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for
places. Calculate (or measure) contrast ratio (C ) as a percent-
W
comparing coating value.
age (100R /R ) to two decimal places, and report final results
B W
to one decimal place.
6. Apparatus and Material
6.1 Reflectometer, that measures the luminous reflectance
factor, (specular reflection excluded) using CIE standard illu-
The sole source of supply of panels known to the committee at this time is the
minant C and the CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer, in accor-
Leneta Company, 15 Whitney Rd., Mahwah, NJ 07430. If you are aware of
dance with Test Method E1331, E1347 or E1349. The instru-
alternative suppliers, please provide this Information to ASTM International
ment shall be capable of viewing a diameter of at least 3 to 5
Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
1 3
responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄16 in.).
The sole source of supply of the tape, Product No. 8902 known to the
NOTE 4—Other observer-illuminant combinations and apertures may be committee at this time is 3M industrial Tape Division; 3M Center 220-8E-04; St.
Paul, MN 55144. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
used by agreement.
Information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
6.2 Test Panels: Smooth, glossy, pre-painted steel panels, 1
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
thickness approximately 0.28 mm (0.011 in.), divided equally you may attend.
D6441 − 05 (2016)
FIG. 3 Work Table for Test Method A
amount t that is determined for each panel.
7.3 The circles drawn to locate measurement points must be
NOTE 7—With thickness gages capable of dual calibration, calibrate
at least larger than the measurement opening of the reflecto-
also to zero on the black substrate point and store both the white and black
meter.
calibrations.
7.4 Measure thickness as accurately as possible, reporting to
8.5 Measure the coating reflectance of one panel for each
nearest 1.3 micrometers (0.05 mils), or closer if possible.
test coating, at a location of visua
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6441 − 05 (Reapproved 2010) D6441 − 05 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.
NOTE 1—The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the
“Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
NOTE 2—Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in
Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
NOTE 3—The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power
measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are limited
to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and to determine in advance the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
D344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry
D3451 Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
2.2 Other Standard:
1-GP-71 Method 14.7, Hiding Power, Contrast Ratio Method, October 1982
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 reflectance, n—term of wide applicability, referring herein to the luminous reflectance factor as defined in Terminology
E284, and equivalent to the CIE Tristimulus value Y measured in accordance with Test Methods E1331, E1347 or Test Method
E1349 with specular reflection excluded. It is expressed as a percentage in this standard.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.51 on Powder Coatings.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010April 1, 2016. Published December 2010April 2016. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
D6441 – 05.D6441 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/D6441-05R10.10.1520/D6441-05R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Canadian General Standards Board, (CGSB), 222 Queen St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 1G6.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6441 − 05 (2016)
3.1.2 white substrate, n—For purposes of this test, a substrate of neutral shade with a minimum reflectance of 78 %.
3.1.3 black substrate, n—A substrate with a maximum reflectance of 1 %, which is effectively zero for the purpose of measuring
hiding power.
3.1.4 white reflectance (R ), n—Reflectance of the applied test film over a white substrate of reflectance W.
W
3.1.5 black reflectance (R ), n—Reflectance of the applied test film over a black substrate.
o
3.1.6 reflectivity (R ), n—The reflectance of a coating applied thickly enough to be completely opaque, as evidenced by equal
∞
reflectance over the black and a white test substrate.
3.1.7 contrast ratio (C ), n—(1) The ratio of the reflectance of a film applied on a black substrate to a film of equal thickness
W
applied on a white substrate. (2) An instrumental measure of film opacity.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
Contrast ratio can be expressed as a decimal fraction (R /R ) or as a percentage (100R /R ), the latter being preferred for the
O W O W
general concept of hiding or opacity, and employed in these test methods.
3.1.8 opacity, n—The degree to which a coating film hides a black and white substrate, as perceived visually or as measured
instrumentally, (see contrast ratio defined in 3.1.7).
3.1.9 wedge of coating, n—A film of coating having a range of film thickness giving a corresponding range of opacities on a
black and white substrate. (see Fig. 1).
3.2 Definitions of Symbols Used in Calculations Specific to This Standard:
NOTE 1—Shows black and white substrate areas exposed after removal of masking tape.
FIG. 1 “Wedge” Film Application
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FIG. 2 Examples of Commercially Available Test Panels
3.2.1 T, n—the specified or measured thickness of the test coating on the substrate.
3.2.2 t , n—the amount by which the black substrate exceeds the white substrate in thickness.
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3.2.3 T', n—T + t ; the thickness reading corresponding to T over the black substrate when measured with the gage calibrated
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to the white substrate as zero.
3.3 For additional definitions applicable to these test methods see Terminology E284.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio (C ) at a Specified Film Thickness:
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4.1.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on a specified test panel.
4.1.2 Several pairs of points are encircled over the black and white substrate at the specified coating thickness, their reflectances
R and R are measured, and their contrast ratios (C = 100 R /R ) calculated.
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4.1.3 The mean contrast ratio for the panel is calculated.
4.2 Test Method B—Film Thickness (T ) at a Contrast Ratio of 98 %:
4.2.1 The coating is applied as a “wedge” on the specified test panel.
4.2.2 Several equal thickness pairs of black and white substrate points, at varying thicknesses, are located and their contrast
ratios determined.
4.2.3 Contrast ratio versus film thickness is plotted on suitable graph paper, and the thickness at T determined from the graph.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing
specifications.
5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding
power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
6. Apparatus and Material
6.1 Reflectometer, that measures the luminous reflectance factor, (specular reflection excluded) using CIE standard illuminant
C and the CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer, in accordance with Test Method E1331, E1347 or E1349. The instrument shall be
1 3
capable of viewing a diameter of at least 3 to 5 mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄16 in.).
NOTE 4—Other observer-illuminant combinations and apertures may be used by agreement.
6.2 Test Panels: Smooth, glossy, pre-painted steel panels, thickness approximately 0.28 mm (0.011 in.), divided equally into
black and white areas by a straight boundary. The black area shall have a maximum reflectance of 1 % and the white area a
minimum reflectance of 78 %. The white area shall not yellow or darken appreciably when subjected to a normal powder coating
baking schedule. (see Fig. 2 for commercially available sizes.)
NOTE 5—Some test panels require a pre-bake before using, to expel residual volatiles that can create pinholes in the subsequently applied powder
coating. When necessary pre-bake for 10 min at 180°C (350°F) to eliminate this problem.
6.3 Suitable equipment for applying and baking the test coatings.
The sole source of supply of panels known to the committee at this time is the Leneta Company, 15 Whitney Rd., Mahwah, NJ 07430. If you are aware of alternative
suppliers, please provide this Information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical
committee, which you may attend.
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6.4 Electronic Gage, adequately sensitive for measuring coating film thickness.
6.5 Heat-Resistant Tape, 20-mm ( ⁄4-in.) wide, easily removed after baking, leaving no discoloration or adhesive residue.
6.6 Permanent Marker, extra fine point.
6.7 Suitable Graph Paper.
7. Measurements—General Rules
7.1 For each powder and test method, fill out an individual work sheet in the form of a table (see Fig. 3 for Test Method A, Fig.
4 for Test Method B), into which all test data and calculated values are entered in the indicated locations.
7.2 Measure reflectance as a percentage to two decimal places. Calculate (or measure) contrast ratio (C ) as a percentage
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(100R /R ) to two decimal places, and report final results to one decimal place.
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7.3 The circles drawn to locate measurement points must be at least larger than the measurement opening of the reflectometer.
7.4 Measure thickness as accurately as possible, reporting to nearest 1.3 micrometers (0.05 mils), or closer if possible.
8. Calibration and Panel Preparation
8.1 Select a panel and pre-bake if necessary, as discussed in Note 5.
8.2 Locate and encircle a point of mean thickness in the white and in the black areas about 20-mm ( ⁄4 in.) from the panel edge,
and mask each point with a short length of the specified tape, extending over the edge.
The sole source of supply of the tape, Product No. 8902 known to the committee at this time is 3M industrial Tape Division; 3M Center 220-8E-04; St. Paul, MN 55144.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this Information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
FIG. 3 Work Table for Test Method A
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FIG. 4 Work Table for Test Method B
8.3 With the panel thus prepared, apply the test coating as a thickness “wedge,” cure at the specified schedule, then remove the
tapes to expose the uncoated white and black substrate points (see Fig. 1).
8.4 Recalibrate the film thickness gage to zero on the white-substrate points, measure the thickness of the black substrate point
and record as t in the indicated location of the relevant work sheet in the form of a table (see 7.1).
NOTE 6—The black substrate is always thicker than the white by an amount t that is determined for each panel.
NOTE 7—With thickness gages capable of dual calibration, calibrate also to zero on the black substrate point and store both the white and black
calibrations.
8.5 Measure the coating reflectance of one panel for each test coating, at a location of visually complete opacity. Record this
value as the reflectivity R of the coating, in the indicated location of the work table.
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9. Procedure and Calculations—Test Method A, Percent Contrast Ratio (C ) at a Given Film Thickness
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9.1 Use Fig. 3 for entries in this test method.
9.2 Record the thickness (T) for which the contrast ratio is to be determined.
NOTE 8—For significance and adequate sensitivity, the thickness should be such that the mean contrast ratio is not much over 98 % and preferably less.
9.3 Enter the value T' as the reading on the black substrate corresponding to the coating thickness T. (T' = T + t ).
9.4 Find and encircle five pairs of points over the black and the white substrates, where the powder coating is at the specified
thickness T.
9.5 Measure the reflectances of each pair of points and enter in the R and R columns of the table, then calculate the contrast
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ratio (C = 100 R /R ) for each pair.
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NOTE 9—Some reflectance instruments can measure the contrast ratio directly. In that case, pair the equal-thickness points randomly for contrast ratio
measurements and record values.
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9.6 Calculate and record the mean contrast ratio C for each panel, and then the grand mean for all panels.
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10. Procedure and Calculations—Test Method B, Film Thickness (T ) at 98 % Contrast Ratio
10.1 Use Fig. 4 for entries in this test method.
10.2 Encircle five points in the coated black-substrate area at locations where the contrast ratio varies up to about 98 % as
recognized visually by familiarity with past results, or by comparison with a previously prepared visual standard.
10.3 Measure the thickness value T' of each of the five encircled points, and subtract t from each value to obtain the true
thickness T of the powder coating at those points.
10.4 For each of the points located in 10.3, locate and encircle a point of equal powder coating thickness in the white-substrate
area.
NOTE 10—Since the gage is calibrated to zero on the white substrate, the gage reading here needs no correction.
10.5 For each pair of equal thickness points, measure and record the reflectances R and R , then calculate and record C =
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100 R /R . Do not search for 98 % contrast ratio pairs.
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NOTE 11—With instruments that can measure the contrast ratio directly, reflectances need not be measured.
10.6 Plot C versus film thickness (T) on suitable graph paper, (see Fig. 5) then draw the best-fit straight line, and select the
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best graph-point for T .
NOTE 12—Do not plot graph-
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