ASTM C830-00(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.
These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are:
The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,
The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.
In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 × 2 × 2 in. (50 × 50 × 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 × 4.5 × 2.5 in. (228 × 114 × 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500°F (816°C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. Testing under the same conditions in kerosene produced results that were believed to b...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C830 −00(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Methods for
Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific
Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum
Pressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C830; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C20Test Methods forApparent Porosity, WaterAbsorption,
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
following properties of refractory shapes:
C134Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
Firebrick
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1.4 Bulk density.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory
shapes except those that chemically react with both water and
3. Significance and Use
mineralspirits.Whentestingamaterialcapableofhydrationor
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific
other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemi-
gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory
callyreactwithmineralspirits,mineralspiritsissubstitutedfor
shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and
water and appropriate corrections for the density differences
comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for
are applied when making calculations.
selection and use of refractory products in a variety of
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
industrial applications. These test methods are used for deter-
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mininganyorallofthesepropertiesandareparticularlyuseful
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
for testing hydratable products.
information only and are not considered standard.
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that
1.3.1 Exception—Theapparatususedinthisstandardisonly
are suitable for use in quality control, research and
available in SI units.
development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compli-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ance with specifications, and providing data for design pur-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
poses.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3 Fundamentalassumptionsinherentinthesetestmethods
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
are:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for
NOTE 1—Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of
size, configuration, and original faces,
refractories that are not attacked by water.
3.3.2 Theopenporesofthetestspecimensarefullyimpreg-
nated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
2. Referenced Documents
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is per-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
formed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to
avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
affects the test results.
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
Properties.
3.4 Inlaboratorystudiesinvolvingcastablespecimen,abias
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2011.PublishedJuly2011.Originallyapproved
´1
wasnotedbetweenformed2×2×2in.(50×50×50mm)and
in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C830–00 (2006) . DOI:
10.1520/C0830-06R11.
specimens quartered from larger 9 × 4.5 × 2.5 in. (228 × 114
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
×64mm)castspecimens.Additionally,anerrorintheapparent
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
porosity determination was found on castables whenever the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. specimenswereheatedto1500°F(816°C)andthenexposedto
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C830−00(Reapproved 2011)
water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to
C830−00 (2011)
reactivityofcementwithwaterandsubsequentre-hydrationof 5.1.2 The drying procedure may be omitted only when the
cementphases.Thehigherthecementlevelofthecastable,the test specimens are known to be dry, as may be the case with
greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in samples taken directly from kilns.
porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a 5.1.3 The drying of the specimens to constant weight and
potentialtoformhydratedspecieswithwater.Testingunderthe
thedeterminationoftheirdryweightmaybedoneeitherbefore
same conditions in kerosene produced results that were be- or after the saturation operation (5.2). Usually, the dry weight
lieved to be more accurate, but the data suggested that the
is determined before saturation; if, however, the specimens are
kerosene might not have saturated the open pores of cast friable or evidence indicates that particles have broken loose
specimen as readily as water.
during the saturating operation, dry and weigh the specimens
after the suspended weight, S, and the saturated weight, W,
3.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting
have been determined as described in 5.3 and 5.4. Use this
and using results from these test methods. All four property
second dry weight in all appropriate calculations.
values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data
valuesgeneratedduringtesting.Thus,anerrorinanybasedata 5.2 Saturation—Place the test specimens in a suitable
valuewillcauseanerrorinatleastthreeofthepropertyvalues vacuum-pressure vessel (Note 2) which shall be closed, se-
for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is, cured, and pumped down to an absolute pressure of not more
apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of than 1.9 in. Hg (6.4 kPa). Hold this pressure for 30 min.Allow
other factors such as product composition, compositional the water or mineral spirits (see 1.2) to enter the vessel while
variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and maintaining the vacuum for 5 min.Then close the vacuum line
total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property and pressurize the vessel by means of compressed air or a
valuesshouldbejudiciouslymadebetweenlikeproductstested pressure pump. Maintain this pressure at 30 psi (207 kPa) or
by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially more for 60 min. Then release the pressure; the saturated
inherent differences between the products being compared or specimens are now ready for weighing.
the test method used.
NOTE 2—The vacuum-pressure vessel should be capable of withstand-
ing an absolute pressure of 1.0 in. Hg (3.4 kPa) or a pressure of 65 to 70
3.6 When a liquid other than water is used, such as types of
psi(448to483kPa)withoutdeformingorrupturing.Itshouldbeprovided
kerosene or mineral spirits, specific gravity must be known by
with gages or manometers for indicating vacuum or pressure and a relief
either determination or monitoring on a controlled basis.
valve, as well as vacuum, pressure, and liquid lines. The liquid may be
Specific gravity will change due to different grades of liquids,
introducedatthebottom,inwhichcaseadual-actingvalvewillsufficefor
evaporation, or contamination with dirt or foreign material. both filling and draining the vessel.
The test should not be run if the liquid becomes dirty, foamy,
5.3 Determination of Suspended Weight, S:
orchangescolor,becauseforeignparticlescanblockporesand
5.3.1 Determine the weight, S, of each test specimen in
prevent impregnation of the sample.
gramstothenearest0.1gaftersaturationandwhilesuspended
in liquid.
4. Test Specimens
5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspending
4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use a the specimen in a loop or halter ofAWG Gage-22 (0.643-mm)
quarter-brick specimen obtained by halving the brick along a copper wire hung from one arm of the balance. The balance
plane parallel to the 9 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) shallbepreviouslycounter-balancedwiththewireinplaceand
1 1
face and along a plane parallel to the 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (114 immersed in liquid to the same depth as is used when the
refractory specimens are in place.
by 64 or 76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant
quarter-brick specimen include part of the original molded
5.4 Determination of Saturated Weight, W—After determin-
faces.
ing the suspended weight, blot each specimen lightly with a
moistened smooth linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of
4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut drill, or break
fromeachshapeaspecimenhavingavolumeofapproximately liquidfromthesurface,anddeterminethesaturatedweight, W,
3 3
in grams to the nearest 0.1 g by weighing in air. Perform the
25 to 30 in. (410 to 490 cm ). The specimen shall include
interior and exterior portions of the shape. blotting operation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet
cloth, which has previously been saturated with liquid, and
4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci-
thenpressonlyenoughtoremovesuchliquidaswilldripfrom
men.
the cloth. Excessive blotting will induce error by withdrawing
liquid from the pores of the specimen.
5. Procedures
5.5 Determination of Exterior Volume, V—Obtain the vol-
5.1 Determination of Dry Weight, D:
ume, V, of the test specimens in cubic centimetres by subtract-
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to constant weight by heating
ing the suspended weight from the saturated weight, both in
to 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) and determine the dry weight,
grams, as follows:
D, in grams
...
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