ASTM G32-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used to estimate the relative resistance of materials to cavitation erosion as may be encountered, for instance, in pumps, hydraulic turbines, hydraulic dynamometers, valves, bearings, diesel engine cylinder liners, ship propellers, hydrofoils, and in internal flow passages with obstructions. An alternative method for similar purposes is Test Method G 134, which employs a cavitating liquid jet to produce erosion on a stationary specimen. The latter may be more suitable for materials not readily formed into a precisely shaped specimen. The results of either, or any, cavitation erosion test should be used with caution; see 5.8.
Some investigators have also used this test method as a screening test for materials subjected to liquid impingement erosion as encountered, for instance, in low-pressure steam turbines and in aircraft, missiles or spacecraft flying through rainstorms. Practice G 73 describes another testing approach specifically intended for that type of environment.
This test method is not recommended for evaluating elastomeric or compliant coatings, some of which have been successfully used for protection against cavitation or liquid impingement of moderate intensity. This is because the compliance of the coating on the specimen may reduce the severity of the liquid cavitation induced by its vibratory motion. The result would not be representative of a field application, where the hydrodynamic generation of cavitation is independent of the coating.
Note 1—An alternative approach that uses the same basic apparatus, and is deemed suitable for compliant coatings, is the “stationary specimen” method. In that method, the specimen is fixed within the liquid container, and the vibrating tip of the horn is placed in close proximity to it. The cavitation “bubbles” induced by the horn (usually fitted with a highly resistant replaceable tip) act on the specimen. While several investigators have used this approach (see X3.2.3), they have d...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the production of cavitation damage on the face of a specimen vibrated at high frequency while immersed in a liquid. The vibration induces the formation and collapse of cavities in the liquid, and the collapsing cavities produce the damage to and erosion (material loss) of the specimen.
1.2 Although the mechanism for generating fluid cavitation in this method differs from that occurring in flowing systems and hydraulic machines (see 5.1), the nature of the material damage mechanism is believed to be basically similar. The method therefore offers a small-scale, relatively simple and controllable test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance of different materials, to study in detail the nature and progress of damage in a given material, or—by varying some of the test conditions—to study the effect of test variables on the damage produced.
1.3 This test method specifies standard test conditions covering the diameter, vibratory amplitude and frequency of the specimen, as well as the test liquid and its container. It permits deviations from some of these conditions if properly documented, that may be appropriate for some purposes. It gives guidance on setting up a suitable apparatus and covers test and reporting procedures and precautions to be taken. It also specifies standard reference materials that must be used to verify the operation of the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other test materials.
1.4 A history of this test method is given in Appendix X3, followed by a comprehensive bibliography.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices ...
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Designation:G32–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG32;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the production of cavitation 2.1 ASTM Standards:
damage on the face of a specimen vibrated at high frequency A276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
while immersed in a liquid. The vibration induces the forma- B160 Specification for Nickel Rod and Bar
tion and collapse of cavities in the liquid, and the collapsing B211 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
cavities produce the damage to and erosion (material loss) of Bar, Rod, and Wire
the specimen. D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 Although the mechanism for generating fluid cavitation E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
in this method differs from that occurring in flowing systems ASTM Test Methods
and hydraulic machines (see 5.1), the nature of the material E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
damage mechanism is believed to be basically similar. The Determine the Precision of a Test Method
method therefore offers a small-scale, relatively simple and E960 Specification for Laboratory Glass Beakers
controllable test that can be used to compare the cavitation G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
erosion resistance of different materials, to study in detail the G73 Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
nature and progress of damage in a given material, or—by G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of
varying some of the test conditions—to study the effect of test Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-
variables on the damage produced. sion Tests
1.3 This test method specifies standard test conditions G119 Guide for Determining Synergism BetweenWear and
covering the diameter, vibratory amplitude and frequency of Corrosion
the specimen, as well as the test liquid and its container. It G134 Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a
permits deviations from some of these conditions if properly Cavitating Liquid Jet
documented, that may be appropriate for some purposes. It
3. Terminology
gives guidance on setting up a suitable apparatus and covers
3.1 Definitions:
test and reporting procedures and precautions to be taken. It
also specifies standard reference materials that must be used to 3.1.1 See Terminology G40 for definitions of terms relating
to cavitation erosion. For convenience, important definitions
verifytheoperationofthefacilityandtodefinethenormalized
erosion resistance of other test materials. for this standard are listed below; some are slightly modified
from Terminology G40 or not contained therein.
1.4 A history of this test method is given in Appendix X3,
followed by a comprehensive bibliography. 3.1.2 average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for
cumulative erosion rate.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for 3.1.3 cavitation, n—the formation and subsequent collapse,
within a liquid, of cavities or bubbles that contain vapor or a
information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the mixture of vapor and gas.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In general, cavitation originates from a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- local decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the liquid, produced
by motion of the liquid (see flow cavitation) or of a solid
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety boundary (see vibratory cavitation). It is distinguished in this
way from boiling, which originates from an increase in liquid
warning information, see 6.1, 10.3, and 10.6.1.
temperature.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by
2
Solids and Liquids. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as G32–06. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/G0032-09. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
--------
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G32–06 Designation:G32–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG32;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method producescovers the production of cavitation damage on the face of a specimen vibrated at high frequency
while immersed in a liquid. The vibration induces the formation and collapse of cavities in the liquid, and the collapsing cavities
produce the damage to and erosion (material loss) of the specimen.
1.2 Although the mechanism for generating fluid cavitation in this method differs from that occurring in flowing systems and
hydraulic machines (see 5.1), the nature of the material damage mechanism is believed to be basically similar. The method
therefore offers a small-scale, relatively simple and controllable test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance
of different materials, to study in detail the nature and progress of damage in a given material, or—by varying some of the test
conditions—to study the effect of test variables on the damage produced.
1.3 This test method specifies standard test conditions covering the diameter, vibratory amplitude and frequency of the
specimen, as well as the test liquid and its container. It permits deviations from some of these conditions if properly documented,
that may be appropriate for some purposes. It gives guidance on setting up a suitable apparatus and covers test and reporting
procedures and precautions to be taken. It also specifies standard reference materials that must be used to verify the operation of
the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other test materials.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.5
1.4 A history of this test method is given in Appendix X3, followed by a comprehensive bibliography.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionarywarning information, see 6.1, 10.3, and 10.6.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
B160 Specification for Nickel Rod and Bar
B211 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E960 Specification for Laboratory Glass Beakers
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
G73 Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Erosion Tests
G119 Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
G134 Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a Cavitating Liquid Jet
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by Solids
and Liquids.
Current edition approved Dec.May 1, 2006.2009. Published January 2007.May 2009. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20032006 as
G32–03.G32–06.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G32–09
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 See Terminology G40 for definitions of terms relating to cavitation erosion. For convenience, important definitions for
this standard are listed below; some are slightly modified from Terminology G40 or not contained therein.
3.1.2 average erosion rate, n—a less preferred te
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G32–06 Designation:G32–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG32;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method producescovers the production of cavitation damage on the face of a specimen vibrated at high frequency
while immersed in a liquid. The vibration induces the formation and collapse of cavities in the liquid, and the collapsing cavities
produce the damage to and erosion (material loss) of the specimen.
1.2 Although the mechanism for generating fluid cavitation in this method differs from that occurring in flowing systems and
hydraulic machines (see 5.1), the nature of the material damage mechanism is believed to be basically similar. The method
therefore offers a small-scale, relatively simple and controllable test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance
of different materials, to study in detail the nature and progress of damage in a given material, or—by varying some of the test
conditions—to study the effect of test variables on the damage produced.
1.3 This test method specifies standard test conditions covering the diameter, vibratory amplitude and frequency of the
specimen, as well as the test liquid and its container. It permits deviations from some of these conditions if properly documented,
that may be appropriate for some purposes. It gives guidance on setting up a suitable apparatus and covers test and reporting
procedures and precautions to be taken. It also specifies standard reference materials that must be used to verify the operation of
the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other test materials.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.5
1.4 A history of this test method is given in Appendix X3, followed by a comprehensive bibliography.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionarywarning information, see 6.1, 10.3, and 10.6.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
B160 Specification for Nickel Rod and Bar
B211 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E960 Specification for Laboratory Glass Beakers
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
G73 Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Erosion Tests
G119 Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
G134 Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a Cavitating Liquid Jet
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by Solids
and Liquids.
Current edition approved Dec.May 1, 2006.2009. Published January 2007.May 2009. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20032006 as
G32–03.G32–06.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G32–09
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 See Terminology G40 for definitions of terms relating to cavitation erosion. For convenience, important definitions for
this standard are listed below; some are slightly modified from Terminology G40 or not contained therein.
3.1.2 average erosion rate, n—a less preferred te
...
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